[初中]全新英语语法18-4 倒装句

18-4 倒装句

将句中的谓语或谓语的一部分放在主语之前的语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指把整个谓语放在主语的前面；部分倒装是指把助动词、情态动词或be等功能词放在主语之前。

1.全部倒装句的5种情形

全部倒装也称完全倒装，即将谓语移到主语前。英语中构成完全倒装的情形主要有：

（1）以 here，there，now，then，out，in，up，down，off，away 等方向性副词开头的句子，且句子主语是名词时，为了表达生动，可将这些副词放在句首，谓语动词放在主语之前，形成完全倒装结构。如：

Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。

Now comes your turn.现在该你了。

Then came a new difficulty.这时又产生了一个新的困难。

The door opened and in came Mr.Li.门开了，李先生进来了。

There goes the bell for the break.休息铃响了。

Away flew the birds.鸟儿飞走了。

The door opened and in rushed a stranger.门开了，一个陌生人冲了进来。

注意：

①若主语为代词，则不用倒装。如：

The door opened and in she came.门开了，她走了进来。

②以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说 Here is coming the bus.

（2）将表语和地点状语（多为介词短语）置于句首加以强调时，其后通常用倒装语序。如：

Among them was my friend Jim.他们当中就有我的朋友吉姆。

Around the lake are some tall trees.湖的四周是一些高树。

Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer.在那棵大树底下坐着一个老农夫。

Outside the classroom stood a boy.教室外面站着一个男孩。

Behind the farm house was a rice field.农舍后面是一片稻田。

At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.小山脚下有一个美丽的小湖。

Among these people was his friend Jim.他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。

By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand.窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。

注意：

在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。如：

In the box was a cat.箱子里是一只猫。

In the box were some cats.箱子里是一些猫。

（3）如主语过长或强调表语或状语时，也可以用倒装结构。如：

On the blackboard were the words written in English：“Welcome to our class！”有人在黑板上用英文写道：“欢迎到我们班上来。”

Present at the meeting were the school headmaster，the English teacher，and the students' parents.出席会议的有校长、英语教师和学生们的家长。

（4）表祝愿的虚拟语气句中的倒装。

在表示祝愿的虚拟语气的句子中，其倒装形式有：

①May+主语+动词！如：

May you succeed！（I hope you succeed！）祝你成功！

May God bless you！（I hope God blesses you！）愿上帝祝福你！

②Long live+主词！如：

Long live the king！国王万岁！

（5）感叹句的倒装。

在一些陈述式感叹句中，为了强调某一部分，常常用倒装的形式。

①介、副词+动词+主语（名词）如：

感叹句：Off went John！（John went off.）约翰去了！

感叹句：Down went the big ship！（The big ship went down.）大船沉没了！

②介、副词+主语（代词）+动词 如：

感叹句：Out it comes！（It comes out.）它出来了！

感叹句：Over it turns！（It turns over.）它翻过来了！

2.部分倒装句的5种情形

将句子的主语与助动词倒置称为部分倒装。其结构与一般疑问句大致相同。英语中构成部分倒装的主要情形有：

（1）含有否定意义的词如never，hardly，seldom，little，few，not until，not，not only，no sooner，no longer，nowhere等置于句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：

Never have I read such a book.我从未读过那样的书。

Little do we know his life.我们对他的生活了解得很少。

By no means should you tell him about it.你绝不要告诉他这事。

（2）only 加状语（副词/介词短语/从句）放在句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：

Only in this way can you do it well.只有这样你才能做好。

Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。

（3）so/neither/nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用 “so/neither/nor+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。如：

He can sing English songs and so can I.他会唱英语歌，我也会。

He didn't see the film，and neither did I.他没有看这部电影，我也没有看。

She is very beautiful and so was her mother when she was young.她很美，她妈妈年轻时也很美。

You are young and so am I.你年轻，我也年轻。

She likes music and so do I.她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。

If he can do it，so can I.要是他能做此事，我也能。

You aren't young and neither am I.你不年轻，我也不年轻。

She hasn't read it and nor have I.她没有读它，我也没有读。

（4）当虚拟条件句含有 were，should，had时，可省略if，将were，should，had置于句首。如：

Were I Tom （=If I were Tom），I would refuse.如果我是汤姆，我就会拒绝。

Had I realized that （=If I had realized that），I would have done something.我要是明白了这一点，我可能会采取某种行动。

（5）so ...that 结构中，将 so+adj./adv.置于句首时，其后要用倒装语序。如：

So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。

【中考速递】

1.[上海中考考题] — _____ Disney amusement parks are there in China？

— Two.

A.How many B.How often C.How soon D.How long

2.[湖南永州中考考题] David never fights with his classmates，_____？

A.does he B.doesn't he C.isn't he

3.[云南昆明中考考题] — Jim，are these your keys？

— _____.They're hers.

A.Yes，it is B.No，it isn't

C.Yes，they are D.No，they aren't

4.[湖北恩施中考考题] — I don't understand the story in the new unit.What about you，Bob？

— _____.

A.Neither I do B.Neither do I C.So do I

5.[青海中考考题] — I usually go hiking with my friends.

— _____ do I.

A.Nor B.So C.Neither

【答案点拨】

1.答案：A 句意：“中国有多少个迪士尼娱乐公园？”“两个。”由答语two可知，问句为“有多少个迪士尼娱乐公园……”，故选A。

2.答案：A 句意：David 从不和他的同学打架，对吗？由前面never一词可知该句表示否定，反意疑问部分用肯定式。故选A。

3.答案：D 句意：“吉姆，这些是你的钥匙吗？”“不，是她的。”由答语可知用否定回答，故选D。

4.答案：B 句意：“新单元中的这个故事我不理解。Bob，你呢？”“我也不理解”由句意可知这里用否定的倒装结构，故选B。

5.答案：B 句意：“我常常和朋友一起徒步旅行。”“我也是。”由句意可知这里用肯定的倒装结构，故选B。

【语法专练 体验中考】

1.[北京考题] — _____ are these bananas？

— $3.99.

A.How much B.How long C.How heavy D.How big

2.[吉林长春] — _____ do you volunteer in Old People's Home？

— Once a week.We hope to help the old more.

A.How soon B.How many C.How often D.How long

3.[黑龙江龙东] Let's go to Disneyland in Shanghai in August，_____？

A.shall we B.will you C.won't you

4.[贵州铜仁] — Is the girl in red your friend？

— _____.She is learning Chinese now.

A.Yes，it is B.Yes，he is

C.Yes，she is D.Yes，she does

5.[贵州安顺] He can hardly stay awake because he is so tired，_____？

A.is he B.isn't he C.can't he D.can he

6.[山东济南] — Bill，does your sister have brown hair or red hair？

— _____.She takes after my mother.

A.Yes，she does B.No，she doesn't

C.Brown hair D.I don't know

7.[甘肃天水] — You didn't find the owner of the books，did you？

— _____.So I gave them to our teacher.

A.No，I did B.Yes，I didn't

C.No，I didn't D.Yes，I did.

8.[湖北宜昌] — Excuse me.Is there a bus to the Olympic Center？

— _____.You can take the No.111 bus.

A.Yes，it is B.Yes，there is

C.I'm not sure D.Sorry，I have no idea

9.[陕西考题] — Could you tell me _____ it takes to walk to the Disneyland？

— About 20 minutes.

A.how far B.how long

C.how often D.how soon

10.[江苏宿迁] The structure of the sentence “The students visited the museum.” is _____.

A.S+V B.S+V+DO

C.S+V+IO+DO D.S+V+DO+OC

11.[四川攀枝花] — I think you are different now.

— Of course，times have changed and _____.

A.so have I B.so I have

C.neither have I D.neither I have

12.[江苏无锡] — What language is that guy speaking？I can hardly catch a single word！

— _____.He's from India，so I guess it is Hindi.

A.Neither I can B.Neither can I

C.So I can D.So can I

【答案速递】

1.A 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.B