[高中]全新语法:句子成分 三、宾语

三、宾语

1.及物动词宾语

He wrote many plays .他写了许多剧本。（名词作宾语）

We often help him .我们经常帮助他。（代词作宾语）

— How many fish did you catch？ ——你钓了几条鱼？

— I caught three .——我钓了三条。（数词作宾语）

He likes to play basketball .他喜欢打篮球。（不定式作宾语）

We enjoy listening to the music .我们很喜欢听这首音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）

She said that she felt sick . 她说她病了。（从句做宾语）

2.介词宾语

（1）名词作介词宾语

The town is beside the sea .城镇坐落在海边。

Are you interested in history ？ 你对历史感兴趣吗？

（2）代词作介词宾语

He got there before me .他比我先到那儿。

No one can sing like her .没有人能像她那样唱歌。

【提示】 人称代词用作宾语只能用宾格。

（3）动名词作介词宾语

He is good at telling stories .他善于讲故事。

He went out without being seen by the others .他出去了，没有被其他人看见。

（4）“疑问词+to do”作介词宾语

Bill said something to her about what to do .比尔给她讲了讲应当怎样做。

He gave me some advice on how to do it .对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。（5）形容词作介词宾语

Her pronunciation is far from perfect .她的语音远不是完美的。

He regarded the situation as serious .他认为形势严峻。

【提示】 形容词作介词宾语可被认为其前省略了动名词being。

（6）数词作介词宾语

The city has a population of four million .这座城市有四百万人口。

He was among the first to arrive.他是第一批到的。

（7）介词短语作介词宾语

Choose a book from among these .从这些书中选一本吧。

I saw her from across the street .我看见她在街对面。

He has known her since before the war .自战前他就认识她了。

He cannot spare any time except on Sunday .除星期日外，他抽不出时间。

We’ve decided to go on foot instead of by bus .我们决定步行去而不乘车。

He didn’t arrive there till after midnight .半夜过后他才到达那儿。

【提示】 介词短语作宾语的介词通常是 from，till/until，since，except，instead of等。

（8）从句作介词宾语

He was not satisfied with what she said .他对她说的不满意。

I’m worried about where he is .我担心他上哪儿去了。

3.直接宾语和间接宾语

4.同源宾语

cough a ...cough 咳嗽　　　　　　dance a ...dance 跳了一段……舞蹈

die a ...death 牺牲　　　　　　　dream a ...dream 做了个……梦

fight a ...fight 进行……斗争　　　laugh a ...laugh 大笑

live a ...life 过……的生活　　　　sigh a ...sigh 叹气

sleep a ...sleep 睡了个……觉　　　smile a ...smile 微笑

She sleeps a sweet sleep only on Sundays.只有在周日她才能甜美地睡一觉。

I was dreaming a terrible dream .我正在做噩梦。

5.宾语补足语

（1）名词作宾补

The war made him a soldier .战争使他成为一名战士.

They elected Tom a Member of Parliament.他们选汤姆为国会议员。

They appointed him chairman of the committee.他们任命他为委员会主席。

【提示】 表示唯一的职务头衔的名词作宾补时，用零冠词。

（2）形容词作宾补

New methods make the job easy .新方法使这项工作变得轻松。

They beat the prisoner unconscious .他们把那犯人打得昏了过去。（3）副词作宾补

He found his teacher out when he called on him.

他去拜访他的老师时，发现老师不在家。

The guide showed all the visitors in .导游把所有的来访者带了进去。

（4）介词短语作宾补

I often find him at work .我经常发现他在工作。

We found her in tears .我们发现她在哭泣。

（5）动词不定式作宾补

The teacher ask him to close the windows .老师让他关上窗户。

We’ll invite all our friends to come .我们将邀请所有的朋友都来。

（6）（不带to）动词不定式作宾补

Will you have Mary call me back ？ 你能让玛丽给我回电话吗？

She noticed a car crash into a big tree nearby .

她注意到一辆小汽车撞到了附近的大树上。

（7）现在分词作宾补

I saw a cat running across the road .我看见一只猫跑过了马路。

I saw little Tom being punished by his parents .我看见小汤姆正在被他父母惩罚。

（8）过去分词作宾补

I will have all my clothes washed this afternoon.今天下午我将把所有衣服都拿去洗。

Nobody noticed the office broken into .没人发现有人闯入办公室。

We should keep them informed of what is going on here.

我们应当让他们知道这儿发生的情况。

【提示】

①“find oneself+宾补”表示“不知不觉发现自己处于某种状态”。

He returned to England to find himself famous.

他回到英国，发现自己竟出了名。（find oneself+形容词）

Mary found herself talking to a stranger.

玛丽发现自己竟然在和一个陌生人交谈。（find oneself+现在分词）

They found themselves in a big canyon.

他们发现自己在一个大峡谷中。（find oneself+介词短语）

We found ourselves back in a village at the foot of the mountain.

我们发现又回到了山脚下的一个村子了。（find oneself+副词）

②make oneself done意为“使某人自己被……”。

Can you make yourself understood in English？ 你能用英语表达你的意思吗？

He spoke loudly so as to make himself heard.他高声讲以便别人能听见他的声音。

6.it作形式宾语

（1）代替不定式

I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容词/名词+to do sth.

I find it pleasant to work with him .我觉得和他一起工作很愉快。

They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time .

他们认为在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是困难的。

She thinks it her duty to help us .她觉得帮助我们是她的责任。

（2）代替动名词

I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容词/名词+doing sth.

The professor considers it no good reading without understanding .

这位教授认为阅读而不理解没有益处。

Do you consider it any good trying again ？ 你觉得再试会有好处吗？

We think it no use complaining .我们认为抱怨是没有用的。

He found it useless/no use arguing with him .他发现和他辩论没有用。

（3）代替宾语从句

I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容词/名词+that ...

We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled .

会议竟然取消了，我们都感到很遗憾。

I think it best that you should stay here .我认为你最好住这儿。

George made it clear that he disagreed .乔治明白地表示他不同意。

I thought it peculiar that she hadn’t written to me .她没有来信，我觉得有点奇怪。

（4）代替that，if，when等引导的从句

I like/enjoy/love/hate/take/have/put ...+it+that ...

I like/enjoy/love/hate/dislike/appreciate/prefer ...+it+if/when从句

I like it that you came .你来了，我很高兴。

I take it （that）he will come on time .我认为他会准时来的。

You can put it that it was arranged before .你可以说这是以前安排的。

I dislike it when you whistle .我不爱听你吹口哨。

We really appreciate it when she offered to help .她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。

I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work .

要是我不必做那么多工作，那就太好了。

（5）在“vt.+it+prep.+从句”句式中代替从句

owe it to sb.that 把……归功于　　　　　　　leave it to sb.that 把……留给某人去做

take it for granted that 认为……想当然　　 keep it in mind that 把……记在心中

I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it .

我让你自己判断这事是否该做。

We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident .多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。