新编大学英语阅读(浙大版)05

[00:00.00]Hackers,Crackers and Trackers [00:01.76]黑客、破坏者和追踪者 [00:03.53]1 Coursing through arteries,replicating along the way,edging into new sites to wreak havoc, [00:07.13]这种病毒通过主干线，一路繁殖，渐渐扩大范围造成严重破坏， [00:10.73]the virus at first seemed like any other virus that eventually would be defeated by the host's defense mechanisms. [00:15.14]最初看起来似乎和别的病毒一样，最初会被主机的防御系统消灭， [00:19.55]This,however,was a new,more powerful virus,and it would take advantage of the system's weaknesses, [00:23.49]实际上这是一种新的，更有杀伤力的病毒。能利用系统的弱点多次进行感染。 [00:27.43]infecting and reinfecting as it traveled through the host. [00:29.93]当它在主机内活动时，进行传染和再传染 [00:32.44]2 The "Internet Worm",as the virus came to be know, [00:34.90]人们逐渐得知这种病毒名叫“因特尔网虫”。 [00:37.37]worked its way into thousands of computers connected to the national information infrastructure. [00:40.88]这种病毒侵入了成千上万台与国家信息设施相连的电脑。 [00:44.39]Created by Cornell University student Robert Morris,it infected more than 6,000 systems, [00:48.33]科内尔大学的学生罗伯特·莫里斯是这种病毒的创造者。它曾使6，000多个系统受到感染。 [00:52.27]jamming hard drives and erasing valuable information before being eliminated in November [00:55.96]使硬盘失灵，把所有的信息删除掉，直到11月被消灭， [00:59.65]1988 by engineers at the University of California at Berkeley and at Purdue University in West Lafayette,Indiana. [01:05.29]直到1988年11月才被加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校和印第安纳州西拉斐特的普度大学的工程师消灭。 [01:10.92]3 That was the first time the Internet and the destructive aims of certain computer experts made the national news. [01:14.83]就在那一次，因特网和某些电脑专家的破坏性企图首次成为全国新闻。 [01:18.73]It wouldn't be the last. [01:20.14]但那次不会是最后一次。 [01:21.54]The Internet is just as susceptible to abuse as any other form of computer technology. [01:25.14]因特网和其他任何形式的电脑技术一样容易被滥用。 [01:28.74]The only difference is that the malicious attack comes through telephone lines and across network connections. [01:32.74]唯一的区别是，这种病毒的攻击是通过电话线和网络连接的。 [01:36.73]Computer vandals can break into any system. [01:38.55]电脑破坏分子能闯入任何系统， [01:40.37]Whether it is transportation,finance or defense,no system is 100-percent safe.There will always be individuals who,for one reason or another,are eager to discover the weak spot in order to penetrate the system. [01:49.22]不管是交通、金融，还是防御系统，没有哪个系统是百分之百安全的。总有些人为了各种各样的原因迫切地想发现系统的薄弱点而侵入系统。 [01:58.08]4 Who are these individuals and what do they want? [01:59.84]这些人是谁，他们想干什么? [02:01.61]Generally,people who break into computer systems are called"hackers". [02:04.51]这些闯入电脑系统的人一般被称为“黑客”。 [02:07.40]Irrespective of their aims, [02:08.63]无论他们的目的是什么， [02:09.85]they tend to inspire a certain admiration because they are extremely clever and infinitely more knowledgeable than the average computer user. [02:14.80]他们往往受人钦佩，因为他们极其聪明，比一般的电脑用户知识渊博得多。 [02:19.75]Breaking into computer systems--whether it is on the Internet, [02:22.02]闯入电脑系统——无论是因特网， [02:24.29]in a bank or a government office--is an illegal activity. [02:26.75]银行或是政府机关的系统——都是违法行为。 [02:29.22]However,"ordinary?"hackers [02:30.62]但是“普通”黑客 [02:32.03]who penetrate and explore systems just for the intellectual challenge are regarded as less dangerous than"crackers". [02:36.49]人们往往认为那样仅仅为了智力上的挑战而侵入或探索系统的黑客不像“破坏者”那些危险。 [02:40.96]The latter are people who break into systems in order to steal or to destroy information. [02:44.50]“破坏者”是为了窃取或毁坏信息而闯入系统的人。 [02:48.05]They also can remove money from accounts, [02:49.54]某些黑客还能从帐户中提走钱， [02:51.04]as Russian "crackers"demonstrated when they stole $ 10 million from Citibank's cash-management system in 1994. [02:55.68]如俄罗斯的“破坏者”曾于1994年从美国花旗银行的现金管理系统中偷窃了一千万美元。 [03:00.32]In fact,some experts estimate that the U.S.economy loses between $2 and $4 billion annually to computer vandals. [03:05.65]事实上，一些专家估计，每年美国由于电脑破坏者所造成的损失达20亿到40亿美元。 [03:10.98]5 The increasing number of hackers and crackers has forced police departments to create computer crimes squads. [03:14.80]黑客和破坏者人数的增加迫使警方创建了电脑犯罪追踪队。 [03:18.61]These law enforcement experts who watch all these illegal activities are known as "trackers". [03:22.03]这种监视此类非法行为的执法专家们被称为“追踪者”。 [03:25.45]According to a member of the new Computer Crimes Squad in San Francisco, [03:28.08]据旧金山新成立的电脑犯罪追踪队的一成员说， [03:30.71]the FBI does not want to needlessly harass the harmless hacker, [03:33.12]联邦调查局不用去约束无危害性的黑客， [03:35.53]but it has a duty to catch the bad ones. [03:37.39]但它有责任抓住有危害性的黑客。 [03:39.24]No society that depends heavily on computer systems can afford to ignore either the potential dangers of hacking [03:43.18]任何一个非常依赖于电脑系统的社会都不会忽视黑客的潜在危险 [03:47.12]or the moral issues that hacking has raised. [03:48.89]或由此带来的道德问题。 [03:50.65]6 Do hackers regard themselves as criminals? [03:52.33]黑客们认为自己是罪犯吗? [03:54.00]Probably not. [03:55.04]或许他们不那么想， [03:56.09]But they do make a distinction between "good"and "bad"hacking. [03:58.46]但他们的确将黑客行为划分为“善意的”和“恶意的”。 [04:00.84]Take,for example,the case of Ian,a 16-year-old hacker. [04:03.52]比如说16岁的黑客伊恩。 [04:06.20]He admits quite proudly that he knows how to defeat the registration process to get into systems which he enjoys doing just for the fun of it. [04:10.81]他很骄傲地承认他知道如何破译登录程序而进入系统。他喜欢这样做仅仅是为了好玩。 [04:15.42]Nevertheless, [04:16.14]不过， [04:16.86]he prefers breaking into software programs rather than systems because there is less chance of being prosecuted. [04:20.46]他更愿意闯入软件程序而不是系统，这样不太可能被起诉。 [04:24.06]Ian never hacks for profit although he knows some who do work do money and even just for the fun of causing someone else headaches. [04:28.43]伊恩做这些从来都不为赚钱，尽管他认为一些确实是以赚钱为目的的，甚至以给别人制造麻烦为乐的黑客， [04:32.81]Like many members of the hacker community, [04:34.30]与黑客团体的许多成员一样， [04:35.80]he does not feel morally obliged to turn "bad"hackers over to the authorities. [04:38.42]他并不认为在道义上他有义务将“恶意的”黑客们交给当局去处理。 [04:41.05]7 Jeff,a 27-year-old hacker,has different point of view. [04:43.55]27岁的黑客杰夫则持另一种观点。 [04:46.06]He feels,on the contrary,that hackers do have the moral responsibility to report"crackers". [04:49.57]他认为黑客有义务去告发“破坏者”。 [04:53.08]He admits that he stopped being a "bad"hacker because he didn't want to go to jail. [04:55.94]他承认，由于不想坐牢他不再想当“恶意的”黑客了。 [04:58.80]He now works for a computer security company. [05:00.80]现在，他正在一家电脑安全公司供职。 [05:02.80]In other words, [05:03.61]也就是说， [05:04.42]he sells his skills as a hacker to a company that repairs flaws in systems to prevent break-ins by hackers of all kinds. [05:09.01]他把自己的黑客技术卖给从事修补系统缺陷公司以防止各处黑客入侵。 [05:13.60]However,in his spare time Jeff still continues his activities as a hacker because he considers it a way to expand his knowledge. [05:18.64]不过，工作之余，他仍继续黑客活动，因为他认为这是一种扩展知识的途径。 [05:23.68]8 Jeff's situation raises an interesting debate among computer and information executives, [05:26.86]杰夫的这种情况从事电脑和信息的经理之间引起了一场有趣的辩论， [05:30.05]both in government and private enterprise:What can you do with a hacker or what can a hacker do for you? [05:34.28]在政府及私营企业中你能拿黑客怎么办?黑客又能为你做点什么? [05:38.51]It seems obvious that a person capable of breaking into a system would also be capable of helping repair the flaws in a system. [05:42.68]显然，一个能闯入系统的人也能帮助修复系统的缺陷。 [05:46.86]But should hackers be allowed to continue penetrating systems after they have been hired by the computer industry? [05:50.28]不过，当黑客被电脑产业雇佣后是还能被允许继续去入侵系统呢? [05:53.70]Hacking is,after all,an illegal activity. [05:55.70]毕竟，黑客行为是一种违法行为。 [05:57.70]9 Because computer vandals can cause real damage, [05:59.60]由于电脑破坏分子会造成很大的损失， [06:01.51]Congress is taking a serious look at the security of computer systems and ways to deter intrusions by both"good"and"bad"hackers. [06:06.34]国会正在考虑采取措施，来保证电脑系统的安全和阻止“善意”“恶意”的黑客入侵， [06:11.16]Many public officials consider the issue of hacking one of the most important issues that government, [06:14.15]许多政府官员认为黑客问题是现今政府面临的最重要的问题之一。 [06:17.14]and society as a whole,face today. [06:19.08]当今整个社会所面临的问题 [06:21.02]However,progress has been slow because many intrusions go unreported by private and public sector organizations for fear of publicity. [06:26.24]然而，由于私人和政府部门掌管的企业害怕被人知道，有许多部门不愿意报告系统被侵事件，因此这一方面的进展一直很缓慢。 [06:31.46]When a break-in occurs, [06:32.42]发生系统被侵时， [06:33.37]companies and governmental departments are extremely reluctant to admit that their files have been stolen, [06:36.83]公司和政府部门都很不愿意承认他们的档案被偷窃， [06:40.28]damaged or destroyed. [06:41.47]被破坏或是被毁坏。 [06:42.66]By admitting their vulnerability,they would undermine the confidence of the public. [06:45.43]如果承认自己不堪一击，势必会削弱公众对他们的信任。 [06:48.20]10 Despite the potential danger of hackers, [06:49.70]尽管存在着黑客们的潜在威胁， [06:51.19]most computer security experts feel that people should not be afraid to use the Internet. [06:53.91]大多数电脑安全专家认为人们不应该因此而害怕因特网。 [06:56.63]It is a technology that,when used properly,can yield untold benefits. [06:59.67]如果使用得当。这项技术能带来无限收益。 [07:02.71]The Internet allows scientists to share data, [07:04.57]因特网使科学家能够共享数据。 [07:06.42]it helps students research history,and it allows journalists to report the news. [07:09.41]有助于学生研究历史，方便记者们报道新闻。 [07:12.40]11 In the final analysis,America needs the Internet and the hackers that come with it. [07:15.62]总之，美国需要因特网，也需要随之而出现的黑客们。 [07:18.84]If no one exposes the vulnerabilities, [07:20.24]如果没有人揭露网络的弱点， [07:21.65]they never get solved. [07:22.60]这些弱点就永远得不到克服。 [07:23.56]So at least in one way hackers,the non-malicious ones,help us. [07:26.60]所以，黑客们，至少那些无恶意的黑客们在某种程度上帮了我们一个忙。 [07:29.64]New Words [07:30.45]单词 [07:31.26]artery n [07:32.36]1)干线，要道 2)动脉 [07:33.46]Congress n [07:34.45]美国国会 [07:35.44]debate n [07:36.21]辩论，讨论 [07:36.98]deter v [07:37.79]阻止，制止，防止 [07:38.60]enforcement n [07:39.79]实施，执行 [07:40.98]hack v [07:41.88]私自存取他人计算机系统中的资料 [07:42.78]havoc n [07:43.73]混乱，大破坏 [07:44.69]infinitely adv [07:45.64]远，甚 [07:46.60]infrastructure n [07:47.82]基础结构，基础设施 [07:49.04]irrespective adj [07:50.23]不考虑的，不顾及的 [07:51.42]malicious adj [07:52.55]恶意的 [07:53.69]non-malicious adj [07:54.91]无恶意的 [07:56.14]prosecute v [07:57.22]对……提出公诉，告发，检举 [07:58.30]registration n [07:59.70]登记，注册 [08:01.10]reinfect v [08:02.24]再传染 [08:03.37]replicate v [08:04.51]复制，自我复制 [08:05.64]software n [08:06.59]软件 [08:07.55]tracker n [08:08.50]追踪者 [08:09.46]untold adj [08:10.32]无数的，巨大的 [08:11.18]user n [08:12.08]使用者，用户 [08:12.98]vandal n [08:14.12]故意破坏他人或公共财产者 [08:15.25]wreak v [08:16.44]造成(破坏等) [08:17.63]Microchips [08:18.53]微芯片 [08:19.43]1 No invention in history has so quickly spread throughout the world or so deeply touched so many parts of human existence as the microchip. [08:24.79]历史上没有任何其他的发明像微芯片一样传播得如此之快，对人类生活的方方面面有如此深的影响。 [08:30.16]Today there are nearly 15 billion microchips of some kind in use. [08:32.93]现在，大约有15亿各式微芯片被投入使用。 [08:35.70]In the face of that fact who can doubt that the microchip is not only changing the products we use, [08:39.39]面对这一事实，谁都不会怀疑微芯片不仅正改变了我们使用的产品， [08:43.08]but also the way we live. [08:44.45]而且正改变我们的生活方式。 [08:45.82]Will it finally change the way we view reality? [08:47.72]它会最终改变我们的现实生活吗? [08:49.63]2 If we were to take away the microchip for every application in which it is now used, [08:52.35]如果我们将它从这些方方面面抽掉的话， [08:55.07]we would be both stunned and frightened by the loss. [08:56.92]我们会感到即吃惊又害怕。 [08:58.78]The modern kitchen would become nearly useless, [09:00.36]现代化厨房将变得毫无用处。 [09:01.94]since the microwave, [09:02.66]微波炉， [09:03.38]the dishwasher, [09:04.16]洗碗机， [09:04.93]and most other appliances would become unworkable. [09:07.11]及大多数其他设备都将无法工作。 [09:09.29]The television and VCR would fade to black, [09:11.11]电视机、录像机将开不了， [09:12.92]the stereo would become quiet, [09:14.11]收录机将发不出声， [09:15.30]and most of the clocks would stop. [09:16.67]大多数钟表将停止工作。 [09:18.04]The car wouldn't start. [09:19.26]汽车将无法发动， [09:20.48]Airplanes would be unable to leave the ground. [09:22.16]飞机将无法飞行。 [09:23.83]The phone system would go dead, [09:24.97]电话系统将陷入瘫痪， [09:26.10]as would most streetlights, [09:27.23]路灯 [09:28.37]thermostats, [09:29.05]恒温器 [09:29.74]and,of course, [09:30.69]当然还有 [09:31.64]a half-billion computers. [09:32.92]50万台电脑 [09:34.20]And these are only a few of the most obvious applications. [09:36.38]而这些只是一少部分显而易见的应用。 [09:38.56]Every factory in the industrial world would also shut down, [09:40.68]世界上所有工业性的工厂都会关门大吉， [09:42.80]as would the electrical grid, [09:44.03]像电网 [09:45.25]stock exchanges,and the global banking system. [09:47.48]证券交易所和环球系统 [09:49.72]Pacemakers would stop too, [09:50.99]医院里的起博器也会停止转动， [09:52.27]as would surgical equipment and various monitoring machines used in hospitals. [09:55.04]在医院里使用的外科手术设备和各种发动机， [09:57.82]All because of the loss of a tiny square of silicon the size of a fingernail, [10:00.68]由于没有了一块指甲大小的，方型硅片， [10:03.54]Weighing less than a postage stamp. [10:05.27]不足一枚邮票重。 [10:07.00]3 The modern microchip contains as many as 20 million transistors, [10:09.46]一个现代微芯片有20，000，000个晶体管， [10:11.93]and each finished chip is the product of processes more complicated than those used in building the atomic bomb. [10:16.25]而每个芯片成品的制造过程都比建造一个核反应堆还要复杂。 [10:20.57]Yet despite an extraordinarily sophisticated manufacturing process, [10:23.20]虽然制造过程极其复杂。 [10:25.82]microchips are mass-produced at the rate of more than a billion a year. [10:28.51]微芯片的年产量仍然超过了1亿块。 [10:31.19]To put this complexity in perspective, [10:32.74]为了更好地理解芯片的复杂性， [10:34.28]imagine that within each tiny microchip there exists a structure as complex as a mid-size city, [10:38.32]我们可以假设每一小芯片就是一个中等城市， [10:42.35]including all of its power lines,phone lines, [10:43.81]其中电线，电话线， [10:45.26]sewer lines,buildings,streets,and homes. [10:48.07]下水管道，房屋，街道，居民区一应俱全。 [10:50.88]Now imagine that throughout that same city, [10:52.70]设想一下，在这个城市里， [10:54.52]millions of people are racing around at the speed of light and with perfect timing in an intricately planned dance. [10:58.75]数以百万的人们以光速四处奔跑，并以恰当的频率跳着复杂的舞蹈。 [11:02.98]That is just one chip. [11:04.38]而这仅仅只是一块芯片。 [11:05.78]4 Of all the stunning statistics used to describe the world of the microchip, [11:08.38]许多让人惊异的数据都被用来描绘微芯片的世界， [11:10.97]none is more extraordinary number, [11:12.70]而以下这组数据是最有代表性的： [11:14.42]the total number of transistors packed onto all of the microchips produced in the world this year(1998) [11:19.01]今年(1998年)，全世界被装入所有微芯片的所有晶体管的数量， [11:23.60]is equivalent to the number of raindrops that fell in the state of California during that period. [11:26.97]等于这一年降在加利福利亚州雨水的雨滴数。 [11:30.34]Faced with such astounding numbers, [11:31.79]面对这些数据， [11:33.25]it becomes even more difficult to ask what it all means for us and for the generations to come. [11:36.62]微芯片使我们更难提出这样一个问题：“对我们以及子孙后代来说，微芯片到底意味着什么?” [11:39.98]5 What is remarkable,and perhaps a little frightening,is that by all indications, [11:42.85]神奇的是，也许有点让人觉得可怕的是，大量事实表明， [11:45.71]we are only halfway through the story of the microchip. [11:47.74]微芯片还在发展当中。 [11:49.78]It is not far-fetched to suggest that it will take another century of humankind to realize all of the implications of this revolution. [11:54.82]可以毫不牵强地说，这场革命的所有潜能还需要下一世纪一代人的努力才能实现。 [11:59.86]Thus,all the miracles we see around us today resulting from the microchip [12:02.90]因此，如今我们看到的周围由微芯片 [12:05.94]may be but a tiny fraction of all the wonders that will derive from this device well into the next century. [12:09.85]带来的奇迹也许只是下世纪微芯片所能带来的奇迹的一小部分。 [12:13.75]6 It is not merely an invention,but a meta-invention,which enables us to create yet other inventions. [12:17.78]微芯片不仅仅是一项发明，而更是一项中介发明，能让我们创造出其他东西。 [12:21.82]Thousands of new devices and products have been made possible by the existence of the microchip and by the embedded intelligence it offers. [12:27.18]由于有了微芯片提供的智能，我们又发明了成百上千的新设备和新产品。 [12:32.54]7 Packed in a microprocessor,the microchip is not only giving us power over our own lives, [12:35.77]装在微处理器里的微芯片不仅使我们拥有了超越自身的力量， [12:38.99]it is also the greatest instrument for accessing information ever invented. [12:41.94]而且也是有史以来最伟大的获取信息的工具。 [12:44.89]It is allowing us to reach out from our desks, [12:46.62]它使我们能摆脱了书桌的束缚， [12:48.35]to grasp and share knowledge that was beyond the reach of the wealthiest man in the world just a century ago. [12:52.20]去获取上个世纪连世界上最富有的人也无法获取的知识， [12:56.05]It is freeing us to work at home,wherever we choose our home to be. [12:58.64]不管我们的家在何处，它都能解放我们，使我们可以在家办公。 [13:01.24]8 By the middle of the next century, [13:02.46]到下世纪中叶， [13:03.68]the typical microprocessor may have more computing power than today's fastest supercomputers. [13:07.19]一台典型的微处理器的计算能力也许比现在最快的超型计算机还要强。 [13:10.70]It will talk,and more important,it will listen. [13:12.70]它将会说话。更重要的是，它将能听人说话， [13:14.70]The relationship we have with it will change in almost unimaginable ways. [13:17.17]人类与微处理器的关系将发生不可思议的变化。 [13:19.63]Yesterday,the microprocessor was a tool. [13:21.40]昨天，微处理器仅仅是个工具， [13:23.16]Today,it is a partner and who knows what role it will play in our lives in the years to come? [13:26.35]现在，它是我们的伙伴;而谁又知道它将在我们以后的生活中扮演什么样角色呢? [13:29.53]Just a few years ago who would have thought that in Shanghai,China, [13:32.03]就在几年前，谁会想到在中国上海， [13:34.54]customers of the New World Department Store could try on clothes without undressing? [13:37.72]新世界百货公司能帮到试衣不脱衣服呢? [13:40.91]A video camera takes a customer's picture,the image is digitized, [13:43.46]一架摄像机照下顾客的照片。顾客的形像被数字化。 [13:46.02]and changes of outfits or colors are as simple as point and click. [13:48.79]只需按一下鼠标就可以改变服装的样式和颜色。 [13:51.56]In Baltimore,Maryland, [13:52.70]在马里兰洲的巴尔的摩 [13:53.83]prospective astronauts simulate weightlessness by floating in water at the University of Maryland's Space Systems Lab pool. [13:58.69]马里兰太空系统实验池里，可能成为宇宙员的人们只需漂浮在水中，就可以体验到失重的效果。 [14:03.55]Buddhist monks in Thailand also have found important uses for computers. [14:06.59]泰国的和尚们也发现了电脑的妙处。 [14:09.64]They use them to perform traditional tasks as well as to study the teachings of Buddha. [14:12.82]他们利用电脑来做一些传统工作和学习教义。 [14:16.01]9 For hundreds of years,humankind has searched for the philosophers' stone, [14:18.60]几百年来，人类一直在寻找炼金石。 [14:21.19]the magical object that turns ordinary metal into gold. [14:23.57]一种神奇的，能将普通金属变成金子的东西， [14:25.94]Who would have thought it would turn out to be a little sliver of crystal with eaching on its surface? [14:29.08]可谁又想得到，“炼金石”原来是一小块表面刻过的小晶薄片呢? [14:32.21]The microchip,in the time of a single generation, [14:34.12]微芯片在短短一代人的时间里， [14:36.02]had developed from a clever technical novelty [14:37.88]已从一种聪明的科技新事物演变 [14:39.73]to a tireless,almost invisible partner of humanity. [14:42.00]成为人类的，不知疲倦的，不见其形的伴侣。 [14:44.27]Today there is no place on,above,or below the Earth that it has not reached. [14:47.90]现在，无论是在地上，天上，还是在地下，微芯片的触角已无处不在。 [14:51.54]New Words [14:52.44]单词 [14:53.34]appliance n [14:54.71]器械，装置 [14:56.08]astounding adj [14:57.26]令人震惊的，使人惊骇的 [14:58.45]banking n [14:59.44]银行业 [15:00.43]Buddhist adj [15:01.42]佛教的 [15:02.41]compute v [15:03.37](用计算机或计数器)计算，估算 [15:04.32]crystal n [15:05.22]晶体 [15:06.12]digitize v [15:07.25]数字化 [15:08.39]dishwasher n [15:09.58]洗碟机 [15:10.76]etching n [15:11.81]蚀刻 [15:12.85]far-fetched adj [15:14.13]夸张的，不可信的 [15:15.41]global adj [15:16.22]全球性的，全世界的 [15:17.03]grid n [15:17.89]输电网 [15:18.76]halfway adj [15:20.03]中途的 [15:21.31]invisible adj [15:22.39]看不见的 [15:23.47]meta- prefix [15:24.43]超越，超出 [15:25.38]microchip n [15:26.57]微芯片 [15:27.76]microprocessor n [15:29.16]微处理机 [15:30.56]microwave n [15:31.70]微波炉 [15:32.83]monk n [15:33.61]修士，僧侣 [15:34.38]outfit n [15:35.19](尤指在特殊场合穿的)全套服装 [15:36.00]pacemaker n [15:36.95](心脏)起搏器 [15:37.91]postage n [15:39.04]邮费，邮资 [15:40.18]raindrop n [15:41.45]雨点 [15:42.73]sewer n [15:43.63]下水道，污水管 [15:44.53]simulate v [15:45.52]模拟 [15:46.51]sliver n [15:47.50]一小片 [15:48.49]streetlight n [15:49.54]路灯，街灯 [15:50.58]stunning adj [15:51.66]令人惊奇的，令人震惊的 [15:52.74]supercomputer n [15:54.02]巨型计算机，超级计算机 [15:55.30]surgical adj [15:56.38]外科的，外科手术的 [15:57.46]teachings n [15:58.64]学说，主义，教义 [15:59.83]transistor n [16:00.97]晶体管 [16:02.10]undress v [16:03.18]脱去衣服 [16:04.26]unimaginable adj [16:05.39]不可想像的，想不到的 [16:06.53]unworkable adj [16:07.43]不能使用(或操纵、操作、动作)的 [16:08.33]Workplace of the 90's:High-Tech Sweatshop? [16:10.83]90年代的工作场所：高科技血汗工厂? [16:13.33]1 Last month,in my position as a customer service representative for a large telecommunications company, [16:16.97]上个月，在我担任一家大电信公司的客户服务代表期间， [16:20.60]I received 862 calls from customers(but I should have taken 900), [16:24.11]我接了862个客户电话(而我应该接900个电话)。 [16:27.62]my average"talk time"on those calls was 394 seconds(though it should have been only 300 seconds), [16:32.09]接电话时我平均的“讲话时间”为394秒(虽然我应该只讲300秒)。 [16:36.55]and I was "idle"6.7 percent of the time. [16:38.82]6.7%的时间我无事可干。 [16:41.09]I know this because like millions of workers in a variety professions, [16:43.68]我知道这些数据，是因为和其他数以百万计以从事种种职业的工人们一样， [16:46.27]my actions on the job are continuously tracked by a computerized monitoring system. [16:49.73]我工作时的一举一动都被一个电脑监视器记录了下来。 [16:53.18]2 Over the last decade,computerized monitoring has become a pervasive, [16:55.09]在过去的十几年里，电脑监视器已经广泛地， [16:57.00]intrusive,and often invisible presence in the workplace. [17:00.55]通常是无形地侵入了工作场所。 [17:04.09]According to the Office of Technology Assessment, [17:05.91]科技评估办公室的调查显示， [17:07.73]six million Americanworkers were being monitored daily in the performance of their jobs in 1986, [17:11.67]1986年，六百万美国工人每天的工作受到监视， [17:15.61]and that figure jumped to more than eight million by 1990. [17:18.11]到1990年，刚升至六百万人。 [17:20.62]A study found monitoring systems in 98 percent of the clerical and customer service divisions of such industries as banking, [17:25.57]另一项调查显示，98%的监视系统安装在从事办公室工作和客户服务业的工作地点。如银行业， [17:30.52]insurance,airline reservations,telemarketing,and telecommunications. [17:33.85]保险业、飞机预订、电子营销业、电信业。 [17:37.18]3 Three general categories of information are usually collected by monitoring systems: [17:40.60]监视系统主要收集以下三类信息; [17:44.02](1)job performance characteristics,such as the number of keystrokes entered, [17:47.83](1)工作特点：如敲击键盘的次数。 [17:51.65](2)job behaviors,like the amount of time between calls,and(3)service performance, [17:56.47](2)工作行为：如每次电话之间的间隔。(3)服务行为： [18:01.30]in which an employer actually listens in on employee phone calls. [18:03.56]雇主在雇员的服务行为中偷听雇员电话。 [18:05.83]4 Managers defend and promote the use of monitoring technology, [18:08.55]经理们支持并倡导使用监视技术， [18:11.27]claiming that computers provide objective measures of performance and increase productivity. [18:14.87]并认为电脑能提供客观的衡量工作业绩标准，并能增加产量。 [18:18.47]With regard to performance evaluation, [18:20.05]用数据来衡量工作业绩， [18:21.64]the data provided are certainly objective; [18:23.56]当然显得比较客观。 [18:25.49]however,quantifiable measures-the length of a call as measured in seconds, [18:28.57]然而数量化标准——如用秒来衡量电话所用的时间的长短， [18:31.64]the number of calls taken--are not indicative of the quality of performance. [18:35.01]收集打电话的次数——并不能说明工作质量的高低。 [18:38.38]Further-more, [18:39.24]而且， [18:40.10]research does not support management's contentions of increased productivity from the use of surveillance technology. [18:44.14]研究也表明，管理层关于监视技术能增加产量的论点并不成立。 [18:48.17]Studies reported over the last five years have failed to prove that even the most well-managed systems increase productivity. [18:53.21]即使是管理得最好的监视，过去五年的研究也无法证明它能提高产量。 [18:58.25]5 Despite this lack of evidence,the use of monitoring systems is increasing rapidly. [19:01.61]虽然证据不足，但监视系统的应用仍然快速递增。 [19:04.98]The Gartner Group,a data analysis firm, [19:06.71]一家名为加特纳的数据研究公司， [19:08.44]estimates that sales of computerized spying equipment topped $175 million last year. [19:12.85]估计去年，电脑监视设备的营业额高达175,000,000美元， [19:17.26]That figure is projected over the next five years to soar to more than a quarter of a billion dollars. [19:21.58]而且今后五年将攀升到2,000,000,000美元。 [19:25.90]6 With the increasing popularity of monitoring technology there have, [19:28.40]随着监视技术的日益普及， [19:30.90]unfortunately,come abuses to both workers and customers. [19:33.53]不幸的是，来自工人和顾客的责难声却此起彼浮。 [19:36.16]Evidence indicates that computerized monitoring can be detrimental to employees. [19:39.38]事实证明，电脑监视系统对雇员是有害的。 [19:42.60]A 1990 study conducted at the University of Wisconsin found significantly higher rates [19:46.25]一项1990年在威斯坎辛做的调查显示， [19:49.91]of stress-related illness among monitored workers than among those who were not monitored. [19:52.99]受监视的工人比不受监视的工人更容易得与压力有关的疾病。 [19:56.06]When surveyed,employees of AT &T,TWA,Bell Canada , [19:59.29]在调查过程中，A&T环球航空公司，加拿大贝尔公司， [20:02.51]and Federal Express identified computerized monitoring or surveillance as the chief source of stress in the workplace. [20:07.19]联邦快速公司的职员们也证实，电脑监视器是在工作地点引起压力的主要来源。 [20:11.87]7 As a person who works in a monitored environment, [20:13.72]我个人就在一个受到监视的环境里工作， [20:15.58]I certainly know the stress of feeling tied to a computer; [20:17.57]因此我当然知道电脑带来的压力感。 [20:19.57]seemingly,my every action is observed and recorded by unseen eyes. [20:22.56]我的一举一动都似乎受到无形眼睛的监视。 [20:25.55]It is no wonder that the term "electronic sweatshop"is used to describe such conditions, [20:29.24]难怪，人们用“血汗工厂”来形容， [20:32.93]where information and customers are processed in an assembly line fashion. [20:35.48]这种信息与客户被以流水线的方式被处理掉的工作条件。 [20:38.04]8 But the stressful working conditions are not the only problem created by monitoring technology, [20:40.99]然而，监视技术不仅带来了充满压力的工作环境， [20:43.94]the customers of the businesses employing such devices can also experience negative effects. [20:47.49]而且也给客户带来了负面影响。 [20:51.04]What happens then the needs of customers conflict with the desire of workers to meet productivity standards set by computers? [20:55.63]工人必须达到电脑设置的产量要求，而当这一要求与客户的需求相抵触时，又会发生什么情况呢? [21:00.22]This question was answered in part by a disturbing circumstance at Bell Canada. [21:03.02]在加拿大贝尔公司烦人的环境里，我们可以找到部分答案。 [21:05.83]A sophisticated monitoring system was installed to record information about everyone from managers to operators. [21:09.86]这里安装了一种复杂的监视系统，可记录下每个人，包括从经理到操作员的一言一行。 [21:13.90]The monitoring system continuously collected information about the operators as they worked; [21:16.88]当操作员工作时，监视系统不停地收集信息， [21:19.87]the length of calls, [21:20.74]电话时间的长短， [21:21.60]the number of calls taken,and the number of seconds between calls were tracked. [21:24.16]电话的次数，每次电话之间相隔的秒数。 [21:26.71]Operators felt so pressured by the computerized presence of the monitoring system that when they were having trouble finding a number, [21:31.39]操作员们对电视监视系统的存在感到压力如此之大，以致于当他们找不到一个数据时， [21:36.07]they began giving incorrect information in order to get the customer off the phone so they could receive the next call. [21:39.89]他们就提供给客户错误的数据，好让客户们挂断，以便能接下一个电话。 [21:43.70]Certainly,that is not customer service and it is not productive. [21:47.03]很明显，这种做法不是在为客户服务，也没有增产。 [21:50.36]Bell Canada was forced to change its practices. [21:52.31]贝尔公司后来不得不改变了这一做法。 [21:54.25]9 Federal Express,a company internationally know for excellent service to its customers, [21:57.33]素以优质服务而享誉全球的联邦快递公司， [22:00.41]also abandoned individual monitoring of workers in response to service representatives' complaints of stress. [22:04.13]也取消了对工人的监视，原因是因为工人抱怨压力大， [22:07.86]and the deterioration of customer satisfaction rating. [22:09.98]客户不满意程度俱增。 [22:12.11]In a personal interview I conducted with Mr Macpherson, [22:13.84]我曾对麦克弗森先生作过私人专访。 [22:15.56]founder of Incoming Calls Management Institute, [22:17.42]来电管理院的创始人 [22:19.27]he stated that mismanagement of technology in the workplace shifts employee focus from quality to quantity. [22:23.74]他指出，在工作场所错误地使用科技，会使职员的注意力集中到数量上，而不是质量上。 [22:28.20]What emerges is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs, [22:32.43]这就勾画了这样一个工作环境，在该环境中，如何使用科技监视员工的工作。 [22:36.66]rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace. [22:39.34]不再是如何促进对顾客的优质服务或提供公正诚实的工作场所。 [22:42.02]10 Evidence does not support a correlation between computerized monitoring and greater productivity; [22:45.10]事实并不能证明电脑监视与高产量有什么必然的联系; [22:48.18]on the contrary,it is detrimental to workers and impedes quality service. [22:51.37]相反事实却证明电视监视无益于工人，也有碍于服务质量的提高。 [22:54.55]Therefore I contend that national legislation and individual action are required to ensure the ethical use of such technology. [22:59.41]因此，我坚决主张国家立法和个人行为都行动起来，以确保这种科技能在合乎伦理道德的范围内得到运用。 [23:04.27]11 Our role in stemming the tide of monitoring technology is three-fold:As voters, [23:07.55]我们在遏制监视系统的斗争中扮演着三种角色：投票人、 [23:10.82]as employees,and as consumers we must act. [23:12.82]雇员和消费者。 [23:14.82]First,as voters,we must support national legislation regulating monitoring. [23:18.60]首先，作为投票人，我们必须拥护国家有关规范监视行为的立法。 [23:22.38]Secondly,as employees, [23:23.69]第二，作为雇员， [23:25.01]we must ask the questions:What technology is being used in my workplace to record my activities? [23:29.00]我们要提下列问题：在我们的工作场所，有什么科技记录下我们的活动? [23:33.00]What data is being collected about me and how is it being used? [23:35.38]它收集了有关我的哪些数据?这些数据有何用处? [23:37.75]Finally,as consumers, [23:39.12]最后，作为消费者， [23:40.49]we must make business accountable for the level of service for which we pay. [23:43.62]我们必须让商家保证我们出钱应享受的高水平服务。 [23:46.75]12 If we do not purposefully exercise our rights as voters,employees,and consumers, [23:50.08]如果我们不履行我们作为投票人，雇员和消费者的权利， [23:53.41]we will increasingly work under the watchful eyes of surveillance technology. [23:56.00]那么监视技术将逐渐地、更深地侵入我们的工作环境。 [23:58.60]By not acting,we perpetuate a world where an employer may legally eavesdrop on our phone calls to businesses, [24:02.68]如果我们不行动，那么雇主将偷听我们打给商家的电话，他行为将永远是合法的。 [24:06.77]clients,and friends. [24:08.05]顾客和朋友 [24:09.32]And when you call your phone company,you may just speak to me; [24:11.65]当你在电话给电话公司时，你可以直接打给我。 [24:13.97]and,of course,my employer may secretly be on that call with us. [24:16.15]当然了，我的老板肯定在偷听我们的谈话。 [24:18.32]While you're expressing your concern,question,or complaint, [24:20.41]当你在谈到你的忧虑，问题，或在埋怨时， [24:22.50]and as we approach 300 seconds of conversation, [24:24.44]我们的谈话时间快到300秒了。 [24:26.39]I'll be thinking about how to get off the line so the next call can come in-and the next-and the next call. [24:30.24]我就会想怎样把电话挂掉，以便好接下一个电话——再下一个电话——再下一个。 [24:34.09]Because,frankly, [24:35.23]因为，说实话， [24:36.36]a customer is just one of a thousand"widgets"to be processed at your phone company's electronic sweatshop. [24:40.82]一位顾客只是电话公司电气化血汗工厂里等待加工的成百上千个小零件中的一个而已。 [24:45.29]New Words [24:46.28]单词 [24:47.27]accountable adj [24:48.31]负有责任的 [24:49.36]assembly n [24:50.44]装配 [24:51.52]contention n [24:52.42]论点 [24:53.32]eavesdrop v [24:54.27]偷听(私人谈话) [24:55.22]idle adj [24:56.00]不在工作的，闲散的 [24:56.77]impede v [24:57.82]阻碍，妨碍，阻止 [24:58.86]incoming adj [24:59.81]进来的 [25:00.77]incorrect adj [25:01.76]不正确的，错误的 [25:02.75]indicative adj [25:03.83]表示的，暗示的 [25:04.91]install v [25:05.72]安装，设置 [25:06.53]keystroke n [25:07.57](在打字机或计算机键盘上的)一次按击 [25:08.62]mismanagement n [25:09.70]管理不善，处理不当 [25:10.78]perpetuate v [25:11.64]使永久或持续 [25:12.50]purposefully adv [25:13.64]有目的地，有决定地，果断地 [25:14.77]quantifiable adj [25:15.85]可用数量表示的，可量化的 [25:16.93]sweatshop n [25:17.92]血汗工厂(工作条件恶劣而工资低的) [25:18.91]telecommunications n [25:20.19]电信 [25:21.47]telemarketing n [25:22.51]电话销售，电话推销 [25:23.56]widget n [25:24.74](某公司的)典型小产品，小玩意儿 [25:25.93]Lost in the E-mail [25:27.19]迷失在电子邮件中 [25:28.45]1 Charles Wang has been to e-mail hell,and retuned to tell the tale. [25:31.89]查尔斯·王刚刚从电子邮件的地狱中绕幸逃生。 [25:35.33]His journey there began innocently enough when, [25:37.94]他在开始其地狱之旅时动机十分单纯。 [25:40.55]as chairman of Computer Associates International,a software company, [25:43.79]当时他担任国际计算机股份有限公司(一软件公司)的主席。 [25:47.03]he first heard how quickly his employees had embraced their new electronic-mail system. [25:50.92]他首次听说他的员工掌握该公司新研制的电子邮件系统的速度是如何之快， [25:54.80]They were sending messages to one another like crazy. [25:56.89]他们如何像疯了一样相互发电子邮件。 [25:58.98]"I said,'Wonderful,'"recalls Wang. [26:00.62]“我说，太好了。”王回忆道。 [26:02.26]"And I also said,'Let's check into how people are using it.'" [26:04.78]“我还说，咱们看看人们运用电子邮件的情况如何。” [26:07.30]2 But instead of a pleasant e-mail culture,what had evolved was a behavioral nightmare. [26:11.29]但是他看到的不是令人愉快的电子邮件文化，而是一场行为恶梦。 [26:15.29]"It was a disaster,"he says. [26:16.60]“简直是场灾难。”王说。 [26:17.92]"My managers were getting 200 to 300 e-mail a day each. [26:20.80]“我的经理们每天要收到200到300封电子邮件。 [26:23.68]People were so fond of it they weren't talking to each other. [26:25.82]大家都太喜欢电子邮件，以致于他们相互之间连话都不说了。 [26:27.96]They were hibernating,e-mailing people in the next room. [26:30.26]他们冬眠了。连给隔壁的人也要发个电子邮件。 [26:32.57]They were abusing it." [26:33.68]他们在滥用电子邮件。” [26:34.80]In just a few years,Wang's high-tech communications system had gone crazy. [26:38.29]短短几个月间，王的高科技通讯系统就乱了套。 [26:41.78]3 To stop the insanity,Wang short-circuited the system, [26:44.20]为了阻止这种混乱，王将他的系统截断了。 [26:46.61]taking the astonishing step-considering what his $ 3.9 billion company does for a living [26:50.55]做了一项令人惊异的决定，他那3.9亿美圆的公司赖以生存的系统 [26:54.49]of banning all e-mails from 9:30 a.m. to 12 noon and from 1;30 p.m. to 4 p.m. [26:58.29]他规定每早上9:30至12点，下午1:30至4:00，禁止一切电子邮件的发送。 [27:02.09]These hours are now rigidly observed as a sort of electronic quiet time. [27:05.02]现在这两段时间已成为该公司硬性规定的无电子邮件时间。 [27:07.96]Says Wang:"It worked wonderfully. [27:09.99]王说：“这很管用。 [27:12.02]People are walking the corridors again talking to other people." [27:14.27]现在大家又在走廊里走动，相互说话了。” [27:16.52]4 So much for the e-mail revolution,which is now enslaving all those employees it was supposed to free, [27:20.74]电子邮件革命到此为止，它束缚着所有那些原本它欲解放的雇员， [27:24.95]creating communication problems so new that they cannot be found in the pages of any management textbook. [27:28.55]产生了许多在任何一本管理学教科书中都未曾论及的新的交流问题。 [27:32.15]E-mail has corrupted corporate cultures and created bosses who turn e-mail into a terror weapon to subdue underlings and undermine rivals. [27:38.43]电子邮件已经侵蚀了企业文化。随着电子邮件的产生，有一种老板也随之出现了。他们把电子邮件变成一种驯服下级，损害对手的恐怖武器。 [27:44.71]E-mail has wasted years of executive time and gigabytes of computer memory looking for lost keys. [27:49.28]电子邮件浪费了几年的工作时间和成千兆字节的计算机内存去寻找丢失了的口令。 [27:53.86]5 And the volume of traffic is still exploding. [27:55.71]然而，电子邮件通信量仍火爆得很。 [27:57.56]In 1994,for example,776 billion e-mail messages moved through U.S.based computer networks. [28:03.02]例如，1994年，776亿条电子邮件信息通过了美国的计算机网络。 [28:08.47]As of 1997 that number is expected to more than triple,to 2.6 trillion. [28:12.36]1997年，这一数字翻了三番，变成了2.6兆条。 [28:16.25]By the year 2000,the number will nearly triple again,to 6.6 trillion. [28:19.79]2000年，又番了一番，变成了6.6兆条。 [28:23.34]Forty percent of the American workforce uses e-mail. [28:26.67]40%的美国工作人员都使用了电子邮件。 [28:30.00]6 So why are people saying such bad things about these computer-borne text messages? [28:33.38]那人们又为什么对这些由电脑传播的文字信息颇有微词呢? [28:36.77]Almost everyone agrees that e-mail is a wonderful invention. [28:39.59]几乎人人都认为电子邮件是一项奇妙的发明。 [28:42.42]It is a convenient,highly democratic,informal medium for conveying messages that conforms well to human needs. [28:47.71]它方便，民主，随意，能传播信息，很好地满足人类需求。 [28:53.00]E-mail is perhaps the ideal means by which one can run a global project. [28:56.23]也许，电子邮件是人们可以用来管理世界事物的最理想的方式。 [28:59.45]"It is one of the great innovations of the last 20 years," [29:01.86]“它是过去20年中一项伟大的发明。” [29:04.27]says Paul Argenti,a professor of management communications at Dartmough's Tuck School. [29:07.93]达特毛斯·塔可学院的电脑管理博士鲍尔·阿及提说。 [29:11.58]But Argenti and others also say it is a medium whose function is confusing, [29:14.60]但他同时也指出，电子邮件是一种功能使人疑惑的媒体， [29:17.63]in part because the process is so easy and informal that people treat it as they do conversation. [29:21.84]部分原因是因为电子邮件的使用是如此简单随意，以致于人们在电子邮件中所写的话就像是在谈话一样。 [29:26.05]And because so much of human conversation is nonverbal,e-mail messages, [29:29.90]由于人类交流的这么大的部分都并非是说出来的，所以电子邮件信息， [29:33.76]especially critical or complex ones,can easily be misinterpreted. [29:37.25]尤其是批评性的和比较复杂的电子邮件，很容易被误解。 [29:40.74]7 That is especially true if the originator of the message is the "virtual manager". [29:44.23]当发出电子邮件的是一位“虚经理”时，这处情况就变得尤为明显了。 [29:47.72]The virtual manager generally is a conflict-avoiding character who hides behind e-mail,and uses it as an instrument of aggression,creating not only ill will but inefficiencies as well. [29:57.14]虚经理指的是那些躲在电子邮件后面，把电子邮件当成进攻工具的人物。一般说来，这种人物都不愿意当面引起冲突，结果反而会带来恶意，使效率更加低下。 [30:06.55]" I cannot tell you how many people we've encountered hiding behind e-mail,"says Emory Mulling,a consultant who is often brought in to help virtual managers change their ways. [30:13.03]“我数不清到底我们遇到过多少个躲在电子邮件后的人。”一位名叫艾默尔·布林的顾客说。他经常被请去帮助那些虚经理改变他们的方式。 [30:19.51]According to him,there are a lot of managers who do not like conflict, [30:22.54]据他介绍，有许多不愿当面引起冲突的经理， [30:25.56]so they criticize their employees by e-mail,and often do more harm than good. [30:28.69]用电子邮件去批评他们的职员，结果弊大于利。 [30:31.82]In Mulling's opinion,e-mail is perfect for managers who would rather do anything other than walk down the hall. [30:36.56]布林认为，那些不愿与雇员面对面交谈的经理们来把电子邮件当成了绝好的工具。 [30:41.29]8 Here is the sort of message,written with little thought as to how it will be read, [30:44.42]这里就有一种电子邮件。发件人在写信时根本没考虑到收件人会怎样理解这封信。 [30:47.56]that illustrates both the one-way nature of e-mail(the recipient can't immediately defend himself) [30:51.41]通过这个例子，我们可以看出电子邮件一方面的性质(收信人无法马上为自己辩解)， [30:55.26]and the dangers inherent in offering criticism in an electronic message: [30:58.59]也可以看出在电子邮件是批评人会有怎样的危险。 [31:01.92]you MUST MUST make your report titles more descriptive. [31:04.89]你必须必须使你的报告标题更生动。 [31:07.86]If I can't understand what the report is about,how will our clients? [31:10.52]如果我都看不懂你的报告要写什么，我们的客户又怎么怎看得懂呢? [31:13.19]You are evaluated on your ability to communicate clearly as much as you are on any other part of your performances. [31:18.17]对你的评价基于你其他方面的表现，同样也基于你清楚表达思想的能力。 [31:23.16]9 By the time this message gets through the system,the sender has moved on to his next message. [31:26.54]当这则信息通过系统传递时，发信人已经在处理下一则信息了。 [31:29.93]Meanwhile,the recipient stares at his screen as if the office had been struck by lightning. [31:33.64]然而，收信人就像办公室被雷霹了一样，正瞪着电脑屏幕呢! [31:37.34]Here's how the recipient reads it:MUST MUST means "you are an idiot"; [31:40.84]收信人是这样理解的：“必须”“必须”意思是“你是个白痴。” [31:44.33]evaluated,"soon to be fired". [31:46.02]“评价”意思是“你快被炒鱿鱼了”。 [31:47.71]"The result is that if I send you an offensive e-mail,I feel great,"says Mulling. [31:51.10]“结果往往是：我发出一个有攻击性的电子邮件，感觉爽极了。”布林说。 [31:54.48]"I've gotten something off my chest."But now you have to deal with the anger.It's a way of passing on anger." [31:58.13]“我发泄了心中的怒气，而你现在则要对付这股怒气。这是转移怒气的好方法。” [32:01.79]Another consequence is that the recipient,not knowing how to respond,may simply brood about it. [32:05.84]另一个后果就是收件人不知该如何是好，只能对着屏幕上的信息犯嘀咕。 [32:09.89]"I've seen people upset for a week because of one thoughtless e-mail,' [32:12.25]“我就见过有人因为收到一个轻率的电子邮件而难过一个星期的。” [32:14.60]says Monte Gibbs,28,who has worked for IBM for several years. [32:17.48]为IBM工作了好几年的28岁的蒙特·葛伯说。 [32:20.36]10 In an era in which upper-level managers strive to push decision-making down the chain, [32:23.86]在现在这个时代，上层经理总是拼命地让下属来做决策， [32:27.35]e-mail has made it easier for middle managers to avoid responsibility by pushing decisions up the ladder. [32:31.61]而电子邮件能帮助中层经理们把决策大事重新推回到上级而逃避责任。 [32:35.88]A worker who would shy away from seeking an appointment with the boss to resolve an issue often sends a "What do you think?" [32:39.93]一位避免和上司约定时间商谈如何解决问题的员工，通常也会发一封短信，询问：“您怎么认为?” [32:43.98]message on the most trivial of matters. [32:45.91]即使在最琐碎的问题上。 [32:47.83]11 In many cases,there has been strong reaction against e-mail. [32:50.50]很多时候，人们都强烈地反对电子邮件。 [32:53.16]"People became so overloaded they stopped using it," [32:55.25]“人们往往收到的电子邮件太多了，以致于最后都停止使用电子邮件了。” [32:57.34]says Silicon Valley consultant Anita Rosen about the e-mail system at computer-software-maker Oracle, [33:01.13]曾在电脑软件公司奥哈克工作的硅谷顾问阿尼塔·罗森在谈到该公司的电子邮箱系统时说。 [33:04.93]where she worked for years. [33:06.10]工作好几年 [33:07.27]"Out of 300 e-mails,80% were ccs. [33:09.52]“在300封电子邮件中，80%是抄送邮件。 [33:11.77]So maybe all you actually need to know are 40 e-mails a day,or an hour's work." [33:15.16]因此，你实际上每天只需要阅读40封电子邮件，或只需要花一个小时就够了。” [33:18.54]At the White House,the e-mail system is so overloaded that many senior staff members refuse to use it. [33:22.43]在白宫，由于电子邮件负荷过重，许多高级工作人员都拒绝使用电子邮件系统。 [33:26.32]12 Sure,there are people like Bill Gates,who love to respond to several hundred of the e-mails sent to him daily. [33:30.42]当然，也有些人，如比尔·盖茨，喜欢每天给发给他的几百封电子邮件回信。 [33:34.52]Monte Gibbs,however,does not appreciate having to deal with e-mails on his system until one in the morning. [33:38.74]可蒙特葛伯不喜欢每天回电子邮件回到凌晨一点。 [33:42.95]"I have been at the company two months and received 6,500 e-mails,"he sighs. [33:46.60]他叹道：“我到公司二个月，就曾收到过6500封电子邮件。” [33:50.26]13 There is no doubt that e-mail is abused and overused. [33:52.87]无疑，电子邮件被滥用了。 [33:55.48]There is an urgent need for traffic laws because what was once a wonderfully pleasant and speedy means of communication [34:00.21]现在最急需的就是制定通信法规，因为曾经多么愉悦的，高速的通信手段 [34:04.94]has now turned into an absurdly overcrowded system. [34:07.14]现在却变得如此拥挤不堪。 [34:09.34]To avoid sending the wrong message,there are four basic rules to obey: [34:12.00]为了避免发送的信息错误，我们必须遵守四条准则： [34:14.66]never discuss bad news,never criticize and never discuss personnel issues over e-mail, [34:19.07]不讨论坏消息，不批评，不讨论私人问题。 [34:23.48]and if there is anything ambiguous, [34:24.65]如果一句话解决不了， [34:25.82]walk down the hall to discuss it in person or pick up the phone. [34:28.38]那就请到大厅里面对面地讨论，或打电话讨论吧! [34:30.94]14 "Think before you write,"says Argenti. [34:32.74]“写电子邮件之前要想好。”阿及塔说。 [34:34.54]"The most important thing to know is what not to write." [34:36.48]“最重要的是要知道什么不该写。” [34:38.42]For American companies trying hard to keep pace with the e-mail revolution, [34:41.09]对于努力与电子邮件革命保持同步的美国公司来说， [34:43.75]that advice may be the best message of all. [34:45.84]这条建议也是一条最好的信息。 [34:47.93]Cc it to everyone. [34:49.24]把这条信息抄送给所有人吧! [34:50.56]New Words [34:51.58]单词 [34:52.61]ambiguous adj [34:53.98]引起歧义的，模棱两可的 [34:55.34]conform v [34:56.41]一致，符合，相似 [34:57.47]corridor n [34:58.58]走廊 [34:59.70]descriptive adj [35:00.62]描述详细生动的 [35:01.54]e-mail n & v [35:02.65]电子信函，电子邮件 [35:03.77]enslave v [35:04.94]使……做奴隶，使处于奴役的状态 [35:06.11]gigabyte n [35:07.28]千兆个字节 [35:08.45]hibernate v [35:09.37]冬眠 [35:10.28]inefficiency n [35:11.51]无效率事例 [35:12.73]inherent adj [35:13.76]内存的，固有的 [35:14.78]lightning n [35:15.90]闪电 [35:17.02]misinterpret v [35:18.29]误解 [35:19.57]nonverbal adj [35:20.85]不使用语言的 [35:22.13]originator n [35:23.30]创始人，发起人 [35:24.47]overcrowded adj [35:25.64]过度拥挤的 [35:26.81]overload v [35:27.92]使超载，使过载 [35:29.04]overuse v [35:30.16]过多使用，过度使用 [35:31.27]short-circuit v [35:32.50]1)使……不工作 2)使短路 [35:33.72]speedy adj [35:34.78]快的，迅速的 [35:35.84]strive v [35:36.76]努力，奋斗，力争，力求 [35:37.68]subdue v [35:38.85]制服，使顺从 [35:40.02]thoughtless adj [35:40.99]欠考虑的，轻率的 [35:41.96]trillion n [35:43.03]一万亿，兆 [35:44.09]underling n [35:45.11]职位低的人，下属 [35:46.14]volume n [35:47.42]数量，总额

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