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国际贸易之 关税 Tariffs

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2020年08月26日

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关税 Tariffs

关税(a tariff)是政府征税,以此来控制跨境(across borders)进出口贸易。当你在国际进出口(importing and exporting goods)贸易中分析某交易的利润(make money on a deal)时,关税是不可忽略的重要因素。

关税的定义

关税是世界各国普遍征收的一种专门税(specialized tax),是海关在国家授权下(mandated by)对进出境的货物征收的一种税,对于保护民族产业、维护市场稳定和国家税收都有重要意义。关税对国际贸易有极其重要的影响,是世界货物流通(flow of goods around the globe)的晴雨表。

⊙Tariffs are all about politics.关税的所有意义来自政治。

⊙The tariffs help to raise funds for a government.关税有助于增加政府资金。

⊙The free trade agreement helps to bring down the cost of importing certain items from certain countries.

自由贸易协定有助于降低从一些国家进口某些货物的费用。

征收方法

征收关税最基本的两种方法是:从量税(specific tariffs)和从价税(ad valorem tariffs)。从量税指以征税货物的数量、重量、容量、面积、体积或长度等为标准,每一单位保证一定金额的税收。从量税不受产品价格的影响,只与征收对象的数量有关。啤酒、原油、胶卷等少量商品需要交从量税。从价税是按商品的价格为标准计征的关税,其税率表现为货物价格的一定百分率(percentage of the value)。商品价格上涨时,关税随之上涨。中国通常都采用从价税来征收进出口货物关税。

⊙The tariff we pay on these items is a specific tariff.我们在这些货物上支付的是从量税。

⊙The ad valorem tariff is fine as long as the percentage isn't too high.只要征收的百分比不是很高,从价税也还行。

⊙If we want to export to New Zealand, we'd better look up the tariff regulations.如果我们想出口到新西兰,那我们最好查询关税的规定。

⊙It's too costly to import these items.进口这些货物成本太高了。

⊙How much will we have to pay in tariffs on our imports?我们这批进口商品要支付多少关税?

⊙Luckily, these items are duty free.很幸运,这些商品都免税。

⊙We could make more money on the deal if it weren't for the outrageous taxes we have to pay.

要不是必须支付这些耸人听闻的费用,我们就能挣更多的钱。

⊙Did you figure in the cost of the tariffs we'll have to pay?你有没有算上我们要支付的关税?

⊙Are we a country with favorable trading status?我们国家处于有利的贸易地位吗?

国家征收关税的意义

如上所述,关税是国家财政的重要来源之一。由于各国的生产力水平和资源条件不同,商品的价值也表现出很大差异。政府通过关税保护民族产业,使进口产品的价格高出自身品牌价值或使之保持一致,也通过禁止性关税(prohibitive tariffs),使某种进口产品彻底丧失竞争力。由于关税的重要性,各国都对它控制得很严格,逃税将面对很大的法律风险(risk of legal problems)。

⊙Be careful to do business legally.If we get caught importing goods without declaring them to pay tariff, then there are some very hefty fines.

我们必须要慎重,要合法经营。如果我们进口时因为没有申报货物付关税被抓住,就得交高额的罚金。

⊙We can't compete with domestic manufacturers.They don't have to pay tariffs.

我们没法和国内制造商竞争,他们不用付关税。

美国对进口产品征收的关税

如果你想了解美国如何征收进口产品的关税,首先应当通过在线数据寻找产品所对应的关税编码(Harmonized System or Schedule B number),这是各个国家都认识的统一语言。其次,你应当通过网络免费查询美国协调关税表(U.S.Harmonized Tariff Schedule)。在表格的右边部分包括几大类,如动物、矿产、化学品等,产品名称在左边,右边显示费率。上面显示的价格是产品价值每1000美元的关税标准。美国一些地方也有用从量法征收关税的。

总结

关税无论对进出口商还是国家都有着非常重要的意义。对国家而言,除经济利益外,关税能起到保护民族产品、稳定市场、协调国与国关系的作用;对于进出口商而言,关税是在法律义务下必须承担的义务,也是为国家发展必须承担的责任。逃避关税就是走私,将面临法律的惩处,这个钱可省不得。

Words 单词表

cheaply便宜的,廉价的

compete竞争,比赛,对抗

costly昂贵的,值钱的

deal交易,经营,处理

declare申报,声明

demand需求,要求

hefty有力的,大幅的

item项目,事项

luckily幸运地,幸好地

mostly大多的,大部分的

outrageous岂有此理,可耻的

particular特别的,特殊的

politics政治,政策

regulation条例,规则,章程

require要求,命令,需求

shipment装运,装船

tariff关税

tax税

Phrases 短语表

a way around the system系统外的办法

as long as只要

ad valorem tariff从价关税,从价税

domestic manufacturer国内厂商

duty free免税

end up最终,告终,结果是

favorable trading status有利的贸易地位

figure in(an expense)算入(花费)

home-field advantage主场优势

make money挣钱

pay by percentage按比例支付

pay a small fortune支付一小笔款项

set up设置,设立,开创,建立

ten-fold十倍

be off scot-free逍遥法外

实景对话1

A:The question we should be asking ourselves is, can we make money on this deal?

B:I don't see why not……There is a high demand in the market for the products we want to export. We have them available cheaply.We can export them to the New Zealand market and sell them for ten-fold what it costs.

A:You're forgetting a very important detail. Did you figure in the cost of thetariffs we'll have to pay?If we want to export to New Zealand, we'd better look up the tariff regulations.We may find that it's too costly to export these items.

B:Oh……How much will we have to pay in tariffs on our exports?It can't be that much.

A:Depending on the item it can be as much as 90%of the value.

B:Well……We could make more money on the deal if it weren't for the outrageous taxes we have to pay. What if we just found a way around the system?I mean, we can set up a way to ship the goods without declaring them, right?

A:That's a really bad idea. We have to be careful to do business legally.If we get caught exporting goods without declaring them to pay tariff, then there are some very hefty fines.

A:我们需要问自己的一个问题是:在这项交易上我们能挣到钱吗?

B:我看不出为什么不能……市场对我们要出口的商品需求很高。我们定的价格也便宜,我们可以出口到新西兰,并且以10倍的价格出售。

A:你忘记了一个重要的细节。你有没有算上我们要支付的关税?如果我们要卖到新西兰,我们最好查询一下关税的规定。我们也许会发现这些货因关税过高而无法出口。

B:哦……我们这批出口大概会支付多少费用?不会那么多的。

A:这要取决于什么商品,有时可能会高达价值的90%。

B:嗯……如果不是要付这些耸人听闻的关税,我们就能在这项交易上挣更多的钱。那我们寻找一个绕开这个系统的途径怎么样。我的意思是,设法避免申报来运送货物,行吗?

A:那实在是一个很糟糕的主意。我们必须慎重,要合法经营。如果我们出口时因为没有申报货物付关税被抓住,那就会交高额的罚金。

实景对话2

A:How much are we paying in tariffs for our shipment?

B:Luckily, these items are duty free, so this time we're off Scot-free.

A:Are you serious?How did that happen?Are we a country with favorable trading status?

B:No, it just so happens that the particular items we are shipping this time don't require tariffs. Remember last time?We ended up paying a small fortune in tariffs.

A:Oh, that's right. We had to pay by percentage last time, didn't we?

B:Yes. The ad valorem tariff is fine as long as the percentage isn't too high.

But I remember it was something like 75%. We couldn't compete with domestic manufacturers on that one.They don't have to pay tariffs.

A:That's why they have tariffs, isn't it?To give domestic suppliers the home-field advantage?

B:Yeah. That's part of it.Tariffs also help to raise funds for a government.But mostly, tariffs are all about politics.

A:我们的货需要支付的关税是多少?

B:很幸运,这些货物都是免税的,所以这次我们就可以“逍遥法外”了。

A:你当真吗?怎么会是这样?我们国家享有优惠的贸易地位吗?

B:不是。我们这次运的货不在征税之列,事情就这样。记得上次吗?我们还不是付了一笔税。

A:哦,对,我们上次按百分比付了税。

B:是的,只要百分比不高,从价关税也还好。我记得好像是75%。我们不能和国内厂商就此竞争。他们不需要付关税。

A:那关税就是为此而存在的,不是吗?给国内的供货商以“主场优势”。

B:是的,这是一部分原因。关税也有助于增加政府资金。但关税的大部分意义还是在政治上。


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