英语经典美文诵读100篇：054.a knack of wal-mart’s success
[00:13.18]How did a peddler of cheap shirts and fishing rods become the mightiest corporation in America?
[00:20.48]The short version of Wal-Mart’s rise to glory goes something like this:
[00:26.32]In 1979 it racked up a billion dollars in sales. By 1993 it did that much business in a week;
[00:36.48]by 2001 it could do it in a day.
[00:41.24]It’s a stunning tale - one that propelled Wal-Mart from rural Arkansas, where it was founded in 1962,
[00:49.86]to the top of the Fortune 500 this year. Sam Walton, Wal-Mart’s founder,
[00:55.64]pushed sales growth relentlessly while squeezing costs with sophisticated information technology.
[01:03.94]He exhorted employees to sell better with the “ten foot rule” (greet customers if they are that close).
[01:13.56]He was, in other words, an early evangelist for the first commandment of today’s economy: Service rules.
[01:22.88]Wal-Mart, in fact, is the first service company to rise to the top of the Fortune 500.
[01:29.55]When Fortune first published its list of the largest companies in America in 1955, Wal-Mart didn’t even exist.
[01:38.83]That year General Motors was America’s biggest company, and in every year that followed,
[01:45.37]either GM or another mighty industrial, Exxon, was NO. 1.
[01:52.20]Wal-Mart’s achievement caps a bigger economic shift - from producing goods to providing services.
[02:00.41]Manufacturing’s share of U.S. employment peaked in 1953, at 35%.
[02:07.69]It has been declining steadily since. In the decade that will end in 2010,
[02:14.81]the Bureau of Labor Statistics figures that goods producing industries will create 1.3 million new jobs,
[02:23.76]compared to 20 million for service industries.
[02:28.22]To look at it another way, today there are about four times
[02:33.02]as many people working in service jobs as in other kinds of jobs.
[02:37.48]And even within manufacturing, services are an increasingly large share of operations.
[02:45.95]As America got richer consumption got more complicated. With more income to throw around,
[02:52.76]people started spending more on services - movies and travel, mortgages to buy houses,
[02:59.46]insurance to protect those houses,
[03:02.59]the occasional decadent weekend at a luxury hotel.Economists call this a shift in the demand pattern;
[03:11.42]Fortune calls it the main reason that 64 of this year’s top 100 are service companies.
[03:19.18]Over the next few years, only three of the ten fastest growing occupations (software engineers, nurses,
[03:27.87]and computer support) pay middle class salaries.
[03:32.62]The rest could be called, well, Wal-Mart kinds of jobs - cashiers, retail assistants,
[03:40.58]food service, and so on. In short, the service economy is delivering more good jobs than ever before.
