异类之不一样的成功启示录 第66期:智商由基因决定

You could have lots of analytical intelligence and very little practical intelligence, or lots of practical intelligence and not much analytical intelligence,

你也许拥有很高的分析推理智商，但实用智商却可能比较低;或者你拥有高的实用智商，但分析推理智商却偏低，

or, as in the lucky cases of someone like Oppenheimer, you can have lots of both.

或者——就像罗伯特.奥本海默这样的幸运儿一样——你两个方面的智商都很高。

So where do something like practical intelligence come from?

那么，实用智商的各个方面又从哪来?

We know where analytical intelligence comes from. It's something, at least in part, that's in your genes.

我们知道分析推理智商的来源，在某种程度上，它基本上是由你的基因决定的。

Chris Langan started talking at six months. He taught himself to read at three. He was born smart.

克里斯·兰根才6个月大就开始说话，3岁的时候自己就学会了阅读，他是聪明人。

IQ is a measure, to some degree, of innate ability.

在一定程度上，先天能力可以用IQ来测量。

But social savvy is knowledge.

但是社会悟性是一种，

It's a set of skills that have to be learned.

它是一系列需要学习的技巧，

It has to come from somewhere, and the place where we seem to get these kinds of attitudes and skills is from our families.

它应该来自于某处，比如我们生活的家庭就是一个影响我们的处世态度和社会技巧的地方。

Perhaps the best explanation we have of this process comes from the University of Mellon sociologist Annette Lareau,

也许，马里兰大学的社会学家安妮特·拉里奥(AnnetteLareau)的研究给我们带来了最好的解释。

who a few years ago conducted a fascinating study of a group of third graders.

多年以前，拉里奥针对小学三年级的学生做了一项令人深思的研究。

She picked both blacks and whites and children from both wealthy homes and poor homes, zeroing in, ultimately, on twelve families.

她分别对黑人家庭、白人家庭的孩子进行对比分类，最终选择了12个家庭的孩子，其中即有来自富裕家庭的孩子，也有来自贫困家庭的孩子。

Lareau and her team visited each family at least twenty times, for hours at a stetch.

拉里奥和她的同事对每个家庭进行了不少于20次的考察，每次考察的时间都持续好几个小时。

She and her assistances told the subjects just treat us like "the family dog,"

拉里奥让那些孩子把她和她的助手看成是“宠物狗”，

and they followed them to church and to soccer games and doctor's appointments, with a tape recorder in one hand, and a notepad in the other.

她们跟着孩子到教堂、足球场、诊所，她们一支手拿着录音带，一支手拿着笔记本。

You might expect that if you spent such an extended period in twelve different households, what you would gather is twelve different ideas about how to raise children:

也许您会认为，如果换成您在12个家庭呆较长的一段时间，您应该会接触到12种不同的教育孩子的方法：

there would be the strict parents and the lax parents and the hyperinvolved parents and the mellow parents and on and on.

他们的父母也许很严厉，也许比较宽松，也许比较喜欢指指点点，也许比较开明，各种类型不胜枚举。

What Lareau found, however, is something much different.

然而，拉里奥的发现却与您的预想大相径庭。

There seemed to be only two parenting "philosophies," and they pided almost perfectly along class lines.

她们发现可以根据社会阶层明确地分成两种培养“哲学体系”。