国际关系英语词汇大全Unit 58

　　1.Sigmund Freud

　　Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist, now known as the father of psychoanalysis.Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881, and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital. He was appointed a university lecturer in neuropathology in 1885 and became an affiliated professor (professor extraordinarius) in 1902.

　　1.西格蒙德·弗洛伊德

　　西格蒙德·弗洛伊德(1856年5月6日-1939年9月23日)，奥地利心理学家、精神分析学家，犹太人。生于奥地利弗莱堡(今属捷克)，后因躲避纳粹，迁居英国伦敦。精神分析学的创始人，被称为“维也纳第一精神分析学派”(以别于后来发展出的第二及第三学派)。

　　2.Jürgen Habermas

　　Jürgen Habermas (born 18 June 1929) is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. He is perhaps best known for his theories on communicative rationality and the public sphere. Global polls consistently find that Habermas is widely recognized as one of the world's leading intellectuals.

　　2.尤尔根·哈贝马斯

　　尤尔根·哈贝马斯(1929年6月18日-)，是德国当代最重要的哲学家、社会理论家之一。历任海德堡大学教授、法兰克福大学教授、法兰克福大学社会研究所所长以及德国马普协会生活世界研究所所长。1994年荣休。他同时也是西方马克思主义法兰克福学派第二代的中坚人物。他继承和发展了康德哲学，致力于重建“启蒙”传统,视现代性为“尚未完成之工程”，提出了著名的沟通理性的理论，对后现代主义思潮进行了深刻的对话及有力的批判。

　　3.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

　　Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher, and a major figure in German Idealism. His historicist and idealist account of reality revolutionized European philosophy and was an important precursor to Continental philosophy and Marxism.Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or "system", of absolute idealism to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature, the subject and object of knowledge, psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy. In particular, he developed the concept that mind or spirit manifested itself in a set of contradictions and oppositions that it ultimately integrated and united, without eliminating either pole or reducing one to the other. Examples of such contradictions include those between nature and freedom, and between immanence and transcendence.

　　3.格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔

　　格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔(1770年8月27日-1831年11月14日)，时代略晚于康德，是德国19世纪唯心论哲学的代表人物之一。黑格尔出生于今天德国西南部巴登-符腾堡首府斯图加特;卒于柏林，柏林大学(今日的柏林洪堡大学)校长任内。许多人认为，黑格尔的思想，象征着了19世纪德国唯心主义哲学运动的顶峰，对后世哲学流派，如存在主义和马克思的历史唯物主义都产生了深远的影响。更有甚者，由于黑格尔的政治思想兼具自由主义与保守主义两者之要义，因此，对于那些因看到自由主义在承认个人需求、体现人的基本价值方面的无能为力，而觉得自由主义正面临挑战的人来说，他的哲学无疑是为自由主义提供了一条新的出路。