双语新闻：报告发现亚马逊部落汞含量高
The Yanomami tribe of Brazil is the largest native tribe in the Amazon rainforest.
巴西的亚诺马米部落是亚马逊雨林中最大的土著部落。
The group has little contact with the rest of Brazil. But a recent report says that many of the Yanomami have come into contact with the poisonous metal mercury.
该组织与巴西其他地区几乎没有联系。但最近的一份报告称，许多雅诺马米人都接触到了有毒金属汞。
Brazil's top public health organization released a report saying the mercury is coming from illegal gold mining. The researchers went to nine villages along the Mucajaí River. It is in an area that is far from major cities and where illegal mining is widespread. In gold mining, mercury is often used to purify gold.
巴西最高公共卫生组织发布了一份报告，称汞来自非法金矿开采。研究人员走访了Mucajaí河沿岸的9个村庄。这是一个远离主要城市的地区，非法采矿很普遍。在金矿开采中，汞常被用来提纯黄金。
The researchers collected hair from nearly 300 Yanomami members of all ages. Medical specialists then examined the hair. Eighty-four percent of the Yanomami tested had been contaminated. The contamination was equal to or above two micrograms per gram. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency say such levels can lead to several health problems.
研究人员收集了近300名各年龄段雅诺玛米人的头发。医学专家随后检查了头发。接受检测的雅诺马米核电站中有84%受到了污染。污染等于或超过每克2微克。世界卫生组织(WHO)和美国环境保护署表示，这样的水平会导致几种健康问题。
Ten percent of the group had more than six micrograms per gram. That level is linked to severe medical conditions.
其中10%的人每克含6微克以上。这一水平与严重的医疗状况有关。
Research teams also tested fish in the area. They found high levels of mercury in the fish too. Eating fish with high mercury levels is the most common path to exposure.
研究小组还对该地区的鱼类进行了测试。他们还发现鱼体内的汞含量很高。食用汞含量高的鱼是最常见的接触途径。
Exposure studies usually test for methylmercury. It is a powerful neurotoxin formed when bacteria process mercury. Taking in large amounts over weeks or months damages the nervous system.
接触研究通常检测甲基汞。它是细菌处理汞时形成的一种强大的神经毒素。连续几周或几个月大量服用会损害神经系统。
The chemical can also pass from a mother to a baby during pregnancy. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says exposure can cause developmental abnormalities in babies.
这种化学物质也可以在怀孕期间从母亲传给婴儿。美国疾病控制和预防中心表示，接触这种物质会导致婴儿发育异常。
Health effects include decreased sensitivity in the legs, feet, and hands, overall weakness, and hearing a ringing sound in the ears. In some cases, it can lead to difficulties moving.
对健康的影响包括腿、脚和手的敏感性降低，全身无力，耳朵里听到铃声。在某些情况下，它会导致移动困难。
The 2013 Minamata Convention is a United Nations-supported agreement signed by 148 parties aiming to reduce mercury pollution. Brazil signed the agreement.
2013年《水俣公约》是联合国支持的一项协议，由148个缔约方签署，旨在减少汞污染。巴西签署了该协议。
Other scientists have not reviewed the Brazilian government report. But it uses information from three papers recently released in the publication Toxics, all based on the same field work.
其他科学家还没有看过巴西政府的报告。但它使用了最近发表在《毒物》(Toxics)杂志上的三篇论文中的信息，它们都是基于同一领域的工作。
One of the studies noted that deciding what problems long-term mercury exposure creates remains difficult.
其中一项研究指出，确定长期接触汞会造成什么问题仍然很困难。
Maria Elena Crespo López is a scientist at the Federal University of Pará. She was not involved in research. She has studied the subject for 20 years.
Maria Elena Crespo López是Pará联邦大学的一名科学家。她没有参与研究。她研究这门学科已有20年了。
She told the Associated Press (AP), "The mercury problem is widespread throughout the Amazon." She said that mercury has been released in the area since the 1970s when gold mining started. She said it ends up being transported over long distances and enters the food system.
她告诉美联社(AP)，“汞问题在整个亚马逊地区都很普遍。”她说，自20世纪70年代金矿开采开始以来，该地区就一直在释放汞。她说，它最终会被长途运输，进入食品系统。
The publication Environmental Health Perspectives in 2018 said the Amazon River area communities are one of four areas of most concern.
2018年出版的《环境健康展望》称，亚马逊河地区社区是最受关注的四个领域之一。
The WHO lists small-scale gold mining as the largest cause of contamination by humans. The Yanomami territory is an area the size of Portugal and has a population of 27,000. There has been illegal activity in the area for many years.
世界卫生组织将小规模金矿开采列为人类污染的最大原因。雅诺马米领地面积与葡萄牙相当，人口2.7万。这个地区多年来一直有非法活动。
The AP says the mining problem increased during the four-year term of President Jair Bolsonaro, which ended in 2022. The AP said Bolsonaro limited Brazil's environment protection agencies. This took place during a period when gold prices were increasing. Rising prices could have increased mining activity in Yanomami territory.
美联社表示，采矿问题在雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗总统的四年任期内加剧，该任期于2022年结束。美联社称，博尔索纳罗限制了巴西的环境保护机构。这发生在黄金价格上涨的时期。价格上涨可能增加了亚诺马米地区的采矿活动。
Paulo Basta is a scientist with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, a scientific group. He led the testing. He said the research took place near the end of Bolsonaro's term. He told the AP that the Mucajaí area had many illegal miners.
保罗·巴斯塔是科学组织奥斯瓦尔多·克鲁兹基金会的一名科学家。他领导了测试。他说，这项研究是在博尔索纳罗任期即将结束时进行的。他告诉美联社，Mucajaí地区有许多非法矿工。
During 10 days of testing, 22 researchers were protected by four armed military police. Basta said 30 to 35 small planes flew to and from illegal mining places each day.
在为期10天的测试中，22名研究人员受到4名武装宪兵的保护。巴斯塔说，每天有30到35架小型飞机往返于非法采矿地点。
He said, "The tension was present throughout our entire stay in the village. I have been working in indigenous villages for 25 years, and it was the most tense work I have done."
他说:“我们在村子里的整个逗留期间，紧张气氛一直存在。我在土著村庄工作了25年，这是我做过的最紧张的工作。”
Current President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has promised to expel gold miners from Yanomami territory and to improve health conditions.
现任总统路易斯·Inácio卢拉·达席尔瓦承诺驱逐亚诺马米地区的淘金者，并改善卫生条件。
Yanomami leader Dário Kopenawa said in a statement, "Mining is the biggest threat we face in Yanomami land today." Of the mining, he said, "This research provides concrete evidence of it."
亚诺马米族领导人Dário Kopenawa在一份声明中说:“采矿是我们今天在亚诺马米族土地上面临的最大威胁。”关于采矿，他说，“这项研究提供了具体的证据。”
巴西的亚诺马米部落是亚马逊雨林中最大的土著部落。
The group has little contact with the rest of Brazil. But a recent report says that many of the Yanomami have come into contact with the poisonous metal mercury.
该组织与巴西其他地区几乎没有联系。但最近的一份报告称，许多雅诺马米人都接触到了有毒金属汞。
Brazil's top public health organization released a report saying the mercury is coming from illegal gold mining. The researchers went to nine villages along the Mucajaí River. It is in an area that is far from major cities and where illegal mining is widespread. In gold mining, mercury is often used to purify gold.
巴西最高公共卫生组织发布了一份报告，称汞来自非法金矿开采。研究人员走访了Mucajaí河沿岸的9个村庄。这是一个远离主要城市的地区，非法采矿很普遍。在金矿开采中，汞常被用来提纯黄金。
The researchers collected hair from nearly 300 Yanomami members of all ages. Medical specialists then examined the hair. Eighty-four percent of the Yanomami tested had been contaminated. The contamination was equal to or above two micrograms per gram. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency say such levels can lead to several health problems.
研究人员收集了近300名各年龄段雅诺玛米人的头发。医学专家随后检查了头发。接受检测的雅诺马米核电站中有84%受到了污染。污染等于或超过每克2微克。世界卫生组织(WHO)和美国环境保护署表示，这样的水平会导致几种健康问题。
Ten percent of the group had more than six micrograms per gram. That level is linked to severe medical conditions.
其中10%的人每克含6微克以上。这一水平与严重的医疗状况有关。
Research teams also tested fish in the area. They found high levels of mercury in the fish too. Eating fish with high mercury levels is the most common path to exposure.
研究小组还对该地区的鱼类进行了测试。他们还发现鱼体内的汞含量很高。食用汞含量高的鱼是最常见的接触途径。
Exposure studies usually test for methylmercury. It is a powerful neurotoxin formed when bacteria process mercury. Taking in large amounts over weeks or months damages the nervous system.
接触研究通常检测甲基汞。它是细菌处理汞时形成的一种强大的神经毒素。连续几周或几个月大量服用会损害神经系统。
The chemical can also pass from a mother to a baby during pregnancy. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says exposure can cause developmental abnormalities in babies.
这种化学物质也可以在怀孕期间从母亲传给婴儿。美国疾病控制和预防中心表示，接触这种物质会导致婴儿发育异常。
Health effects include decreased sensitivity in the legs, feet, and hands, overall weakness, and hearing a ringing sound in the ears. In some cases, it can lead to difficulties moving.
对健康的影响包括腿、脚和手的敏感性降低，全身无力，耳朵里听到铃声。在某些情况下，它会导致移动困难。
The 2013 Minamata Convention is a United Nations-supported agreement signed by 148 parties aiming to reduce mercury pollution. Brazil signed the agreement.
2013年《水俣公约》是联合国支持的一项协议，由148个缔约方签署，旨在减少汞污染。巴西签署了该协议。
Other scientists have not reviewed the Brazilian government report. But it uses information from three papers recently released in the publication Toxics, all based on the same field work.
其他科学家还没有看过巴西政府的报告。但它使用了最近发表在《毒物》(Toxics)杂志上的三篇论文中的信息，它们都是基于同一领域的工作。
One of the studies noted that deciding what problems long-term mercury exposure creates remains difficult.
其中一项研究指出，确定长期接触汞会造成什么问题仍然很困难。
Maria Elena Crespo López is a scientist at the Federal University of Pará. She was not involved in research. She has studied the subject for 20 years.
Maria Elena Crespo López是Pará联邦大学的一名科学家。她没有参与研究。她研究这门学科已有20年了。
She told the Associated Press (AP), "The mercury problem is widespread throughout the Amazon." She said that mercury has been released in the area since the 1970s when gold mining started. She said it ends up being transported over long distances and enters the food system.
她告诉美联社(AP)，“汞问题在整个亚马逊地区都很普遍。”她说，自20世纪70年代金矿开采开始以来，该地区就一直在释放汞。她说，它最终会被长途运输，进入食品系统。
The publication Environmental Health Perspectives in 2018 said the Amazon River area communities are one of four areas of most concern.
2018年出版的《环境健康展望》称，亚马逊河地区社区是最受关注的四个领域之一。
The WHO lists small-scale gold mining as the largest cause of contamination by humans. The Yanomami territory is an area the size of Portugal and has a population of 27,000. There has been illegal activity in the area for many years.
世界卫生组织将小规模金矿开采列为人类污染的最大原因。雅诺马米领地面积与葡萄牙相当，人口2.7万。这个地区多年来一直有非法活动。
The AP says the mining problem increased during the four-year term of President Jair Bolsonaro, which ended in 2022. The AP said Bolsonaro limited Brazil's environment protection agencies. This took place during a period when gold prices were increasing. Rising prices could have increased mining activity in Yanomami territory.
美联社表示，采矿问题在雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗总统的四年任期内加剧，该任期于2022年结束。美联社称，博尔索纳罗限制了巴西的环境保护机构。这发生在黄金价格上涨的时期。价格上涨可能增加了亚诺马米地区的采矿活动。
Paulo Basta is a scientist with the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, a scientific group. He led the testing. He said the research took place near the end of Bolsonaro's term. He told the AP that the Mucajaí area had many illegal miners.
保罗·巴斯塔是科学组织奥斯瓦尔多·克鲁兹基金会的一名科学家。他领导了测试。他说，这项研究是在博尔索纳罗任期即将结束时进行的。他告诉美联社，Mucajaí地区有许多非法矿工。
During 10 days of testing, 22 researchers were protected by four armed military police. Basta said 30 to 35 small planes flew to and from illegal mining places each day.
在为期10天的测试中，22名研究人员受到4名武装宪兵的保护。巴斯塔说，每天有30到35架小型飞机往返于非法采矿地点。
He said, "The tension was present throughout our entire stay in the village. I have been working in indigenous villages for 25 years, and it was the most tense work I have done."
他说:“我们在村子里的整个逗留期间，紧张气氛一直存在。我在土著村庄工作了25年，这是我做过的最紧张的工作。”
Current President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has promised to expel gold miners from Yanomami territory and to improve health conditions.
现任总统路易斯·Inácio卢拉·达席尔瓦承诺驱逐亚诺马米地区的淘金者，并改善卫生条件。
Yanomami leader Dário Kopenawa said in a statement, "Mining is the biggest threat we face in Yanomami land today." Of the mining, he said, "This research provides concrete evidence of it."
亚诺马米族领导人Dário Kopenawa在一份声明中说:“采矿是我们今天在亚诺马米族土地上面临的最大威胁。”关于采矿，他说，“这项研究提供了具体的证据。”
