双语新闻：研究显示，部分尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人生存在我们的基因中
Neanderthals live on within us.
尼安德特人生活在我们体内。
These ancient human relatives, and others, called Denisovans, once lived alongside our early Homo sapiens ancestors. The groups mixed and had children. As a result, some of the Neanderthals and Denisovans live on in our genes. And science is starting to show just how much that shapes us.
这些古老的人类亲属，以及其他被称为丹尼索瓦人的人，曾经与我们早期的智人祖先生活在一起。这两组人混在一起，生了孩子。因此，一些尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人在我们的基因中生存。科学开始表明，这在多大程度上塑造了我们。
Mary Prendergast, a Rice University archeologist, said, "We're now carrying the genetic legacies and learning about what that means for our bodies and our health."
莱斯大学考古学家Mary Prendergast说：“我们现在正在携带遗传遗产，并了解这对我们的身体和健康意味着什么。”
In the past few months, researchers have linked Neanderthal DNA to a serious hand disease, the shape of people's noses and other human traits. They even placed a gene carried by Neanderthals and Denisovans into mice to investigate its effects on biology. The researchers found that the gene gave the mice larger heads and an extra rib.
在过去的几个月里，研究人员将尼安德特人的DNA与一种严重的手部疾病、人的鼻子形状和其他人类特征联系起来。他们甚至将尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人携带的一种基因放入小鼠体内，以研究其对生物学的影响。研究人员发现，该基因使小鼠的头部更大，肋骨也多了一根。
Much of the human story remains a mystery. But Dr. Hugo Zeberg of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden said new technologies and research are helping scientists begin to answer the questions: "Who are we? Where did we come from?"
人类故事的大部分仍然是个谜。但瑞典卡罗琳斯卡研究所的Hugo Zeberg博士表示，新技术和研究正在帮助科学家开始回答这些问题：“我们是谁？我们来自哪里？”
And the answers point to a deep reality: We have far more in common with our ancient cousins than we ever thought.
答案指向了一个深刻的现实：我们与古老的表亲有着比我们想象的多得多的共同点。
Neanderthal, Denisovan DNA
尼安德特人，丹尼索瓦人DNA
Until recently, the genetic legacy from ancient humans was invisible. But there has been a number of discoveries from ancient DNA, an area of study developed by Nobel Prize winner Svante Paabo. He was first in creating a Neanderthal genome.
直到最近，来自古代人类的基因遗产还是看不见的。但是，诺贝尔奖获得者Svante Paabo开发的一个研究领域——古代DNA已经有了一些发现。他是创造尼安德特人基因组的第一人。
Research shows some African populations have almost no Neanderthal DNA, while those from European or Asian backgrounds have up to two percent. Denisovan DNA is rarely found in most parts of the world but makes up four to six percent of the DNA of people in Melanesia. The Pacific Ocean area extends from New Guinea to the Fiji Islands.
研究表明，一些非洲人口几乎没有尼安德特人的DNA，而那些来自欧洲或亚洲背景的人则有高达2%的DNA。丹尼索瓦人的DNA在世界大部分地区很少发现，但占美拉尼西亚人DNA的4%至6%。太平洋区域从新几内亚一直延伸到斐济群岛。
That may not sound like much, but it adds up: Even though only 100,000 Neanderthals ever lived, "half of the Neanderthal genome is still around, in small pieces scattered around modern humans," said Zeberg, who works closely with Paabo.
这听起来可能不算多，但总的来说：尽管只有10万尼安德特人生活过，“尼安德特人基因组的一半仍然存在，分散在现代人类周围，”与Paabo密切合作的泽伯格说。
It is also enough to affect us in very real ways. Scientists studying the subject say the DNA can be both helpful and harmful.
它也足以以非常真实的方式影响我们。研究该主题的科学家表示，DNA既有帮助，也有有害。
For example, Neanderthal DNA has been linked to autoimmune diseases like Graves' disease and rheumatoid arthritis. When Homo sapiens came out of Africa, they had no immunity to diseases in Europe and Asia. But, Neanderthals and Denisovans already living there did.
例如，尼安德特人的DNA与格雷夫斯病和类风湿性关节炎等自身免疫性疾病有关。当智人从非洲出来时，他们对欧洲和亚洲的疾病没有免疫力。但是，已经生活在那里的尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人做到了。
Chris Stringer is a human evolution researcher at the Natural History Museum in London. Stringer said that by mating with Neanderthals and Denisovans, Homo sapiens "got a quick fix to our immune systems, which was good news 50,000 years ago." Stringer added, "The result today is, for some people, that our immune systems are oversensitive, and sometimes they turn on themselves."
克里斯·斯特林格是伦敦自然历史博物馆的人类进化研究员。斯特林格说，通过与尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人交配，智人“快速修复了我们的免疫系统，这在5万年前是个好消息。”斯特林格补充道，“今天的结果是，对一些人来说，我们的免疫系统过于敏感，有时会自行启动。”
In 2020, research by Zeberg and Paabo found that a major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 came from Neanderthals. "We compared it to the Neanderthal genome and it was a perfect match," Zeberg said.
2020年，Zeberg和Paabo的研究发现，严重新冠肺炎的一个主要遗传风险因素来自尼安德特人。泽伯格说：“我们将其与尼安德特人的基因组进行了比较，结果非常吻合。”
The next year, they found a set of DNA variants along a single chromosome inherited from Neanderthals had the opposite effect: protecting people from severe COVID.
第二年，他们发现从尼安德特人遗传的一条染色体上的一组DNA变体具有相反的效果：保护人们免受严重的新冠肺炎的侵袭。
Much less is known about our genetic legacy from Denisovans – although some research has linked genes from them to fat processing and better performance at high altitudes. Maanasa Raghavan, a human genetics expert at the University of Chicago, said Tibetans carry an amount of Denisovan DNA. She noted that the population continues to live and do well in low-oxygen environments today.
尽管一些研究将丹尼索瓦人的基因与脂肪加工和在高海拔地区的更好表现联系起来，但人们对我们的基因遗产知之甚少。芝加哥大学的人类遗传学专家Maanasa Raghavan说，藏人携带大量丹尼索瓦人的DNA。她指出，如今，人口在低氧环境中继续生活并表现良好。
Human evolution
人类进化
John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin-Madison said that human evolution was not about "survival of the fittest and extinction." Instead, he suggested, it is about "interaction and mixture."
威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的约翰·霍克斯说，人类进化不是“适者生存和灭绝”。相反，他认为，它是“相互作用和混合”。
Researchers expect to learn more as the science continues to develop. Even when ancient bones are not available, scientists today can get DNA from soil where ancient humans once lived.
随着科学的不断发展，研究人员希望能学到更多。即使在没有古代骨骼的情况下，今天的科学家也可以从古代人类曾经生活过的土壤中获得DNA。
And there are less-explored places in the world where researchers hope to learn more. Zeberg said "biobanks" that collect biological materials will likely be established in more countries.
世界上还有一些探索较少的地方，研究人员希望在那里了解更多。泽伯格表示，收集生物材料的“生物库”可能会在更多国家建立。
As researchers go deeper into humanity's genetic legacy, scientists expect to find even more evidence of how much we mixed with our ancient cousins and all they left us.
随着研究人员深入研究人类的遗传遗产，科学家们希望找到更多的证据来证明我们与我们的古老表亲以及他们留给我们的一切有多混杂。
"Perhaps," Zeberg said, "we should not see them as so different."
“也许，”泽伯格说，“我们不应该把它们看作如此不同。”
尼安德特人生活在我们体内。
These ancient human relatives, and others, called Denisovans, once lived alongside our early Homo sapiens ancestors. The groups mixed and had children. As a result, some of the Neanderthals and Denisovans live on in our genes. And science is starting to show just how much that shapes us.
这些古老的人类亲属，以及其他被称为丹尼索瓦人的人，曾经与我们早期的智人祖先生活在一起。这两组人混在一起，生了孩子。因此，一些尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人在我们的基因中生存。科学开始表明，这在多大程度上塑造了我们。
Mary Prendergast, a Rice University archeologist, said, "We're now carrying the genetic legacies and learning about what that means for our bodies and our health."
莱斯大学考古学家Mary Prendergast说：“我们现在正在携带遗传遗产，并了解这对我们的身体和健康意味着什么。”
In the past few months, researchers have linked Neanderthal DNA to a serious hand disease, the shape of people's noses and other human traits. They even placed a gene carried by Neanderthals and Denisovans into mice to investigate its effects on biology. The researchers found that the gene gave the mice larger heads and an extra rib.
在过去的几个月里，研究人员将尼安德特人的DNA与一种严重的手部疾病、人的鼻子形状和其他人类特征联系起来。他们甚至将尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人携带的一种基因放入小鼠体内，以研究其对生物学的影响。研究人员发现，该基因使小鼠的头部更大，肋骨也多了一根。
Much of the human story remains a mystery. But Dr. Hugo Zeberg of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden said new technologies and research are helping scientists begin to answer the questions: "Who are we? Where did we come from?"
人类故事的大部分仍然是个谜。但瑞典卡罗琳斯卡研究所的Hugo Zeberg博士表示，新技术和研究正在帮助科学家开始回答这些问题：“我们是谁？我们来自哪里？”
And the answers point to a deep reality: We have far more in common with our ancient cousins than we ever thought.
答案指向了一个深刻的现实：我们与古老的表亲有着比我们想象的多得多的共同点。
Neanderthal, Denisovan DNA
尼安德特人，丹尼索瓦人DNA
Until recently, the genetic legacy from ancient humans was invisible. But there has been a number of discoveries from ancient DNA, an area of study developed by Nobel Prize winner Svante Paabo. He was first in creating a Neanderthal genome.
直到最近，来自古代人类的基因遗产还是看不见的。但是，诺贝尔奖获得者Svante Paabo开发的一个研究领域——古代DNA已经有了一些发现。他是创造尼安德特人基因组的第一人。
Research shows some African populations have almost no Neanderthal DNA, while those from European or Asian backgrounds have up to two percent. Denisovan DNA is rarely found in most parts of the world but makes up four to six percent of the DNA of people in Melanesia. The Pacific Ocean area extends from New Guinea to the Fiji Islands.
研究表明，一些非洲人口几乎没有尼安德特人的DNA，而那些来自欧洲或亚洲背景的人则有高达2%的DNA。丹尼索瓦人的DNA在世界大部分地区很少发现，但占美拉尼西亚人DNA的4%至6%。太平洋区域从新几内亚一直延伸到斐济群岛。
That may not sound like much, but it adds up: Even though only 100,000 Neanderthals ever lived, "half of the Neanderthal genome is still around, in small pieces scattered around modern humans," said Zeberg, who works closely with Paabo.
这听起来可能不算多，但总的来说：尽管只有10万尼安德特人生活过，“尼安德特人基因组的一半仍然存在，分散在现代人类周围，”与Paabo密切合作的泽伯格说。
It is also enough to affect us in very real ways. Scientists studying the subject say the DNA can be both helpful and harmful.
它也足以以非常真实的方式影响我们。研究该主题的科学家表示，DNA既有帮助，也有有害。
For example, Neanderthal DNA has been linked to autoimmune diseases like Graves' disease and rheumatoid arthritis. When Homo sapiens came out of Africa, they had no immunity to diseases in Europe and Asia. But, Neanderthals and Denisovans already living there did.
例如，尼安德特人的DNA与格雷夫斯病和类风湿性关节炎等自身免疫性疾病有关。当智人从非洲出来时，他们对欧洲和亚洲的疾病没有免疫力。但是，已经生活在那里的尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人做到了。
Chris Stringer is a human evolution researcher at the Natural History Museum in London. Stringer said that by mating with Neanderthals and Denisovans, Homo sapiens "got a quick fix to our immune systems, which was good news 50,000 years ago." Stringer added, "The result today is, for some people, that our immune systems are oversensitive, and sometimes they turn on themselves."
克里斯·斯特林格是伦敦自然历史博物馆的人类进化研究员。斯特林格说，通过与尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人交配，智人“快速修复了我们的免疫系统，这在5万年前是个好消息。”斯特林格补充道，“今天的结果是，对一些人来说，我们的免疫系统过于敏感，有时会自行启动。”
In 2020, research by Zeberg and Paabo found that a major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 came from Neanderthals. "We compared it to the Neanderthal genome and it was a perfect match," Zeberg said.
2020年，Zeberg和Paabo的研究发现，严重新冠肺炎的一个主要遗传风险因素来自尼安德特人。泽伯格说：“我们将其与尼安德特人的基因组进行了比较，结果非常吻合。”
The next year, they found a set of DNA variants along a single chromosome inherited from Neanderthals had the opposite effect: protecting people from severe COVID.
第二年，他们发现从尼安德特人遗传的一条染色体上的一组DNA变体具有相反的效果：保护人们免受严重的新冠肺炎的侵袭。
Much less is known about our genetic legacy from Denisovans – although some research has linked genes from them to fat processing and better performance at high altitudes. Maanasa Raghavan, a human genetics expert at the University of Chicago, said Tibetans carry an amount of Denisovan DNA. She noted that the population continues to live and do well in low-oxygen environments today.
尽管一些研究将丹尼索瓦人的基因与脂肪加工和在高海拔地区的更好表现联系起来，但人们对我们的基因遗产知之甚少。芝加哥大学的人类遗传学专家Maanasa Raghavan说，藏人携带大量丹尼索瓦人的DNA。她指出，如今，人口在低氧环境中继续生活并表现良好。
Human evolution
人类进化
John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin-Madison said that human evolution was not about "survival of the fittest and extinction." Instead, he suggested, it is about "interaction and mixture."
威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的约翰·霍克斯说，人类进化不是“适者生存和灭绝”。相反，他认为，它是“相互作用和混合”。
Researchers expect to learn more as the science continues to develop. Even when ancient bones are not available, scientists today can get DNA from soil where ancient humans once lived.
随着科学的不断发展，研究人员希望能学到更多。即使在没有古代骨骼的情况下，今天的科学家也可以从古代人类曾经生活过的土壤中获得DNA。
And there are less-explored places in the world where researchers hope to learn more. Zeberg said "biobanks" that collect biological materials will likely be established in more countries.
世界上还有一些探索较少的地方，研究人员希望在那里了解更多。泽伯格表示，收集生物材料的“生物库”可能会在更多国家建立。
As researchers go deeper into humanity's genetic legacy, scientists expect to find even more evidence of how much we mixed with our ancient cousins and all they left us.
随着研究人员深入研究人类的遗传遗产，科学家们希望找到更多的证据来证明我们与我们的古老表亲以及他们留给我们的一切有多混杂。
"Perhaps," Zeberg said, "we should not see them as so different."
“也许，”泽伯格说，“我们不应该把它们看作如此不同。”
