双语新闻：美国各州试图限制食物浪费
When Sean Rafferty first worked in a food store 40 years ago, anything that was not sold got thrown out.
40年前，当肖恩·拉弗蒂第一次在一家食品店工作时，卖不出去的东西都会被扔掉。
But on a recent day at his store near the New York City area, he was preparing boxes of bread, vegetables, and milk products to be picked up by a food bank. It is part of a program in New York State requiring larger businesses to donate food, and, if possible, reusing small, leftover pieces of food.
但最近的一天，在他位于纽约市附近的店里，他正在准备几箱面包、蔬菜和奶制品，等待一家食品银行来领取。这是纽约州一个项目的一部分，该项目要求大型企业捐赠食物，并在可能的情况下重复利用剩余的小块食物。
New York is among a growing number of states trying to limit food waste. They are concerned that it is taking up space in landfills and adding to global warming. A landfill is a place for putting garbage.
越来越多的州试图限制食物浪费，纽约州就是其中之一。他们担心这会占用垃圾填埋场的空间，加剧全球变暖。垃圾填埋场是放垃圾的地方。
Food waste including meat and vegetables releases methane gas after being put in a landfill. And saving unwanted food helps to feed hungry families.
包括肉类和蔬菜在内的食物垃圾被放入垃圾填埋场后会释放出甲烷气体。而节省不需要的食物有助于养活饥饿的家庭。
Worldwide, about a third of food is wasted. In the United States, it is 40 percent. The U.S. spends about $218 billion each year growing and producing food that is wasted. About 57 million metric tons goes to waste, including 47.5 million metric tons that ends up in landfills.
在世界范围内，大约三分之一的食物被浪费了。在美国，这个数字是40%。美国每年花费约2180亿美元种植和生产被浪费的食物。大约有5700万吨被浪费，其中4750万吨最终被填埋。
"What's shocking to people often is not only how much we waste ... but also the impact," said Emily Broad Leib. She is a Harvard University professor and director of the school's Food Law and Policy Clinic. "Food waste causes about 8 percent to 10 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions."
“让人们震惊的不仅仅是我们浪费了多少……还有影响，”埃米莉·布罗德·莱布说。她是哈佛大学教授，也是该校食品法律和政策诊所的主任。“食物浪费造成的温室气体排放量约占全球温室气体排放量的8%至10%。”
In 2015, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency announced a goal of 50 percent food waste reduction by 2030.
2015年，美国农业部和环境保护局宣布了到2030年将食物浪费减少50%的目标。
That has led to a number of state government efforts, along with smaller, nonprofit efforts.
这导致了一些州政府的努力，以及较小的非营利组织的努力。
Ten American states and Washington, D.C. have passed legislation or created policies to reduce, compost or donate waste.
美国的十个州和华盛顿特区已经通过立法或制定了减少、堆肥或捐赠废物的政策。
The states of California and Vermont have programs for turning people's food waste into compost or energy. Connecticut requires businesses, including larger food sellers and supermarkets, to reuse food waste. Farmers in Maryland can get a tax credit of up to $5,000 per farm for food they donate.
加利福尼亚州和佛蒙特州都有将人们的食物垃圾转化为堆肥或能源的项目。康涅狄格州要求企业，包括大型食品销售商和超市，重新利用食物垃圾。马里兰州的农民每个农场捐赠的食品可以获得高达5000美元的税收抵免。
Several states have joined New York in creating systems for food donation. Rhode Island requires food sellers servicing schools and universities to donate any unused food to food banks. And Massachusetts limits the amount of food that businesses can send to landfills.
一些州已经加入纽约的行列，建立了食品捐赠系统。罗德岛州要求为学校和大学提供服务的食品销售商将未使用的食品捐赠给食品银行。马萨诸塞州限制了企业可以送往垃圾填埋场的食品数量。
As of late October, New York had sent 2.3 million kilograms of food, about 4 million meals, through its Feeding New York State program. The program supports the state's 10 area food banks and is hoping to double that number next year.
截至10月底，纽约州已通过其纽约州食品计划发放了230万公斤食品，约400万顿饭。该项目支持该州的10个地区食品银行，并希望明年将这一数字翻一番。
"Certainly, we should be reducing the amount we waste to start with, but then we should be feeding people before we throw food away..." said Sally Rowland. She is with the New York Department of Environmental Conservation.
罗兰说:“当然，我们应该从减少浪费开始，但在扔掉食物之前，我们应该让人们有饭吃。”她就职于纽约环境保护部。
Despite New York's success, some worry not enough is being done to meet the 2030 goal. Broad Leib and others have called for a national effort to coordinate the various state and local policies.
尽管纽约取得了成功，但一些人担心，要实现2030年的目标，我们做得还不够。Broad Leib和其他人呼吁全国努力协调各州和地方的各种政策。
Kathryn Bender is a University of Delaware assistant professor of economics. She said donation programs are helpful. But she worries they might put the responsibility on nonprofits, instead of businesses.
凯瑟琳·本德是特拉华大学经济学助理教授。她说，捐赠项目是有帮助的。但她担心，他们可能会把责任推给非营利组织，而不是企业。
"The best solution for food waste is to not have it in the first place," Bender said. "If we don't need to produce all that food, let's not put all the resources into producing that food."
本德说:“解决食物浪费的最好办法就是从一开始就不要有它。”“如果我们不需要生产所有的食物，那就不要把所有的资源都投入到生产食物上。”
40年前，当肖恩·拉弗蒂第一次在一家食品店工作时，卖不出去的东西都会被扔掉。
But on a recent day at his store near the New York City area, he was preparing boxes of bread, vegetables, and milk products to be picked up by a food bank. It is part of a program in New York State requiring larger businesses to donate food, and, if possible, reusing small, leftover pieces of food.
但最近的一天，在他位于纽约市附近的店里，他正在准备几箱面包、蔬菜和奶制品，等待一家食品银行来领取。这是纽约州一个项目的一部分，该项目要求大型企业捐赠食物，并在可能的情况下重复利用剩余的小块食物。
New York is among a growing number of states trying to limit food waste. They are concerned that it is taking up space in landfills and adding to global warming. A landfill is a place for putting garbage.
越来越多的州试图限制食物浪费，纽约州就是其中之一。他们担心这会占用垃圾填埋场的空间，加剧全球变暖。垃圾填埋场是放垃圾的地方。
Food waste including meat and vegetables releases methane gas after being put in a landfill. And saving unwanted food helps to feed hungry families.
包括肉类和蔬菜在内的食物垃圾被放入垃圾填埋场后会释放出甲烷气体。而节省不需要的食物有助于养活饥饿的家庭。
Worldwide, about a third of food is wasted. In the United States, it is 40 percent. The U.S. spends about $218 billion each year growing and producing food that is wasted. About 57 million metric tons goes to waste, including 47.5 million metric tons that ends up in landfills.
在世界范围内，大约三分之一的食物被浪费了。在美国，这个数字是40%。美国每年花费约2180亿美元种植和生产被浪费的食物。大约有5700万吨被浪费，其中4750万吨最终被填埋。
"What's shocking to people often is not only how much we waste ... but also the impact," said Emily Broad Leib. She is a Harvard University professor and director of the school's Food Law and Policy Clinic. "Food waste causes about 8 percent to 10 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions."
“让人们震惊的不仅仅是我们浪费了多少……还有影响，”埃米莉·布罗德·莱布说。她是哈佛大学教授，也是该校食品法律和政策诊所的主任。“食物浪费造成的温室气体排放量约占全球温室气体排放量的8%至10%。”
In 2015, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency announced a goal of 50 percent food waste reduction by 2030.
2015年，美国农业部和环境保护局宣布了到2030年将食物浪费减少50%的目标。
That has led to a number of state government efforts, along with smaller, nonprofit efforts.
这导致了一些州政府的努力，以及较小的非营利组织的努力。
Ten American states and Washington, D.C. have passed legislation or created policies to reduce, compost or donate waste.
美国的十个州和华盛顿特区已经通过立法或制定了减少、堆肥或捐赠废物的政策。
The states of California and Vermont have programs for turning people's food waste into compost or energy. Connecticut requires businesses, including larger food sellers and supermarkets, to reuse food waste. Farmers in Maryland can get a tax credit of up to $5,000 per farm for food they donate.
加利福尼亚州和佛蒙特州都有将人们的食物垃圾转化为堆肥或能源的项目。康涅狄格州要求企业，包括大型食品销售商和超市，重新利用食物垃圾。马里兰州的农民每个农场捐赠的食品可以获得高达5000美元的税收抵免。
Several states have joined New York in creating systems for food donation. Rhode Island requires food sellers servicing schools and universities to donate any unused food to food banks. And Massachusetts limits the amount of food that businesses can send to landfills.
一些州已经加入纽约的行列，建立了食品捐赠系统。罗德岛州要求为学校和大学提供服务的食品销售商将未使用的食品捐赠给食品银行。马萨诸塞州限制了企业可以送往垃圾填埋场的食品数量。
As of late October, New York had sent 2.3 million kilograms of food, about 4 million meals, through its Feeding New York State program. The program supports the state's 10 area food banks and is hoping to double that number next year.
截至10月底，纽约州已通过其纽约州食品计划发放了230万公斤食品，约400万顿饭。该项目支持该州的10个地区食品银行，并希望明年将这一数字翻一番。
"Certainly, we should be reducing the amount we waste to start with, but then we should be feeding people before we throw food away..." said Sally Rowland. She is with the New York Department of Environmental Conservation.
罗兰说:“当然，我们应该从减少浪费开始，但在扔掉食物之前，我们应该让人们有饭吃。”她就职于纽约环境保护部。
Despite New York's success, some worry not enough is being done to meet the 2030 goal. Broad Leib and others have called for a national effort to coordinate the various state and local policies.
尽管纽约取得了成功，但一些人担心，要实现2030年的目标，我们做得还不够。Broad Leib和其他人呼吁全国努力协调各州和地方的各种政策。
Kathryn Bender is a University of Delaware assistant professor of economics. She said donation programs are helpful. But she worries they might put the responsibility on nonprofits, instead of businesses.
凯瑟琳·本德是特拉华大学经济学助理教授。她说，捐赠项目是有帮助的。但她担心，他们可能会把责任推给非营利组织，而不是企业。
"The best solution for food waste is to not have it in the first place," Bender said. "If we don't need to produce all that food, let's not put all the resources into producing that food."
本德说:“解决食物浪费的最好办法就是从一开始就不要有它。”“如果我们不需要生产所有的食物，那就不要把所有的资源都投入到生产食物上。”
