双语新闻：联合国气候协议承诺简史

United Nations delegates from nearly 200 countries recently held a climate meeting in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

来自近200个国家的联合国代表最近在阿拉伯联合酋长国迪拜举行了气候会议。

The delegates agreed that the world must move away from fossil fuels like oil, gas, and coal.

与会代表一致认为，世界必须摆脱石油、天然气和煤炭等化石燃料。

The U.N. meeting on climate change is called COP28 this year. Recently, The Associated Press gave details about some of the main results of notable climate talks over almost 30 years:

今年的联合国气候变化会议被称为COP28。最近，美联社详细介绍了近30年来重要气候谈判的一些主要成果:

The Kyoto Protocol

《京都议定书》

The Kyoto Protocol was the third high-level U.N. climate meeting. It took place in Kyoto, Japan in 1997.

《京都议定书》是联合国第三次高级别气候会议。它于1997年在日本京都举行。

The agreement asked 41 countries that produced a lot of carbon gases to cut their emissions by about five percent compared to their emission levels in 1990.

该协议要求产生大量碳气体的41个国家将其排放量与1990年的排放水平相比减少约5%。

Countries agreed to some of the terms in the Kyoto Protocol by 2005. The United States and China, however, did not approve the agreement. Those countries have the world's two largest economies and produce the largest amount of carbon gases.

到2005年，各国同意了《京都议定书》的部分条款。然而，美国和中国不赞成该协议。这两个国家拥有世界上最大的两个经济体，并产生最多的碳气体。

The Kyoto Protocol was not successful by some measures. Emissions have greatly increased since then. But it is the first time so many U.N. members agreed that carbon gases were a problem.

《京都议定书》在某些方面并不成功。从那时起，排放量大大增加。但这是第一次有如此多的联合国成员国同意碳气体是一个问题。

Copenhagen's money for the climate

哥本哈根为气候问题提供的资金

The 2009 climate meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark is widely seen as a failure. Developing and developed countries disagreed on cutting emissions and whether poor nations could use oil, natural gas, and coal to grow their economies.

2009年在丹麦哥本哈根举行的气候会议被广泛认为是一次失败。发展中国家和发达国家在减排以及贫穷国家是否可以使用石油、天然气和煤炭来发展经济等问题上存在分歧。

However, wealthy countries promised to send $100 billion a year to developing countries. The money was to be used for green technology by 2020. Green technology often describes energy technology that does not produce pollution when it is used.

然而，富裕国家承诺每年向发展中国家提供1000亿美元。这笔钱将在2020年前用于绿色技术。绿色技术通常是指在使用过程中不会产生污染的能源技术。

But wealthy nations did not reach their goal of $100 billion by the start of the 2020s. That led to criticism from developing countries and environmentalists.

但富裕国家没有在本世纪20年代初实现1000亿美元的目标。这招致了发展中国家和环保人士的批评。

In 2022, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, an international economic group, said wealthy countries probably reached their $100-billion goal.

国际经济组织经济合作与发展组织表示，到2022年，富裕国家可能会达到1000亿美元的目标。

But the British nonprofit group Oxfam said 70 percent of the money was in the form of loans. It said the loans increased debt problems in developing countries.

但英国非营利组织乐施会表示，70%的资金是以贷款的形式提供的。它说，这些贷款增加了发展中国家的债务问题。

Also, an increasing number of weather-related disasters are blamed on climate change. Experts say the money promised is not enough. British economist Nicholas Stern said that developing countries likely need $2 trillion every year by 2030 for climate projects and recovery.

此外，越来越多的与天气有关的灾害被归咎于气候变化。专家表示，承诺的资金是不够的。英国经济学家尼古拉斯·斯特恩表示，到2030年，发展中国家可能每年需要2万亿美元用于气候项目和恢复。

The Paris agreement

巴黎协定

The Paris Agreement is widely considered the single biggest U.N. agreement on climate change. In 2015, about 196 nations agreed to keep atmospheric warming "well below" 2 degrees Celsius since, what the agreement calls, "pre-industrial times." Later, the goal became limiting warming no higher than 1.5 degrees Celsius.

《巴黎协定》被广泛认为是联合国就气候变化达成的最重要的单一协议。2015年，大约196个国家同意将大气变暖控制在“远低于”2摄氏度的水平，该协议称其为“前工业化时代”。后来，目标变成了限制升温不超过1.5摄氏度。

The U.N. says the Paris agreement is a "legally binding international treaty," meaning that it has the force of law in countries that approve it. But there do not appear to be punishments for countries that do not follow its rules.

联合国表示，《巴黎协定》是一项“具有法律约束力的国际条约”，这意味着它在批准它的国家具有法律效力。但对于不遵守规则的国家，似乎没有惩罚措施。

Today, the goal of limiting the rise of the atmosphere's temperature to 1.5 degrees is still central to climate discussions. U.N. experts say the world's temperature has not passed the limit set in the Paris agreement. The U.N. says it has warmed from 1.1 to 1.2 degrees Celsius since the early 1800s. But it says the atmosphere will reach the 1.5-degree limit soon unless large cuts in emissions are made quickly.

今天，将大气温度上升限制在1.5度的目标仍然是气候讨论的核心。联合国专家表示，全球气温还没有超过《巴黎协定》规定的上限。联合国表示，自19世纪初以来，气温已从1.1摄氏度上升到1.2摄氏度。但它表示，除非迅速大幅削减排放，否则大气很快就会达到1.5度的上限。

Glasgow and coal

格拉斯哥和煤炭

Six years after the Paris agreement, climate officials wanted another agreement to strengthen the levels agreed upon in 2015.

巴黎协议签署六年后，气候官员希望达成另一项协议，以加强2015年达成的水平。

The meeting in Glasgow, Scotland was put off until 2021. It was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting included protests led by teenaged climate activist Greta Thunberg. She helped lead a worldwide movement of youth activists demanding more action from leaders.

在苏格兰格拉斯哥举行的会议被推迟到2021年。由于COVID-19大流行，它被推迟了。会议包括由青少年气候活动家格雷塔·滕伯格领导的抗议活动。她帮助领导了一场全球青年活动人士的运动，要求领导人采取更多行动。

In Glasgow, countries agreed to "phase-down" coal use. That is different from saying "phase-out." India and China, two of the world's biggest coal users, pressed for the change.

在格拉斯哥，各国同意“逐步减少”煤炭使用。这与“逐步淘汰”是不同的。作为世界上最大的两个煤炭消费国，印度和中国迫切要求这一改变。

So far, most countries have failed to meet the promises they made at the Glasgow deal. Emissions from coal have increased and most major coal-using countries have yet to slow use of the fuel.

到目前为止，大多数国家都没有履行他们在格拉斯哥协议中做出的承诺。煤炭的排放量增加了，大多数主要的煤炭使用国家尚未减缓燃料的使用。

Loss and damage in Sharm el-Sheikh

沙姆沙伊赫的损失和破坏

Last year, climate talks took place in the Egyptian vacation town of Sharm el-Sheikh. There, countries agreed to create a fund for poor nations for the first time.

去年，气候谈判在埃及度假小镇沙姆沙伊赫举行。在那里，各国首次同意为贫穷国家建立一个基金。

Delegates agreed to a loss and damage fund. Its aim was to provide money to countries that suffered damage from severe weather events.

代表们同意设立损失和损害基金。其目的是向遭受恶劣天气事件损害的国家提供资金。

Delegates at the COP27 meeting called for the fund to be created after a flood in Pakistan killed an estimated 2,000 people and caused billions of dollars in losses.

在巴基斯坦发生洪水造成约2000人死亡并造成数十亿美元损失之后，参加COP27会议的代表们呼吁建立该基金。

The fund was officially created on the first day of this year's talks in Dubai. Over $700 million has been promised. Giving to the fund is voluntary.

该基金是在今年迪拜会谈的第一天正式成立的。承诺提供超过7亿美元。向该基金捐款是自愿的。

U.N. climate experts say billions of dollars are needed because of weather-related events like cyclones, rising sea levels, floods and droughts. The experts blame the extreme events on increasing temperatures in Earth's atmosphere.

联合国气候专家说，由于飓风、海平面上升、洪水和干旱等与天气有关的事件，需要数十亿美元。专家们将这些极端事件归咎于地球大气温度的升高。