听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:美墨边境家庭分离对儿童的心理影响，希望你会喜欢！

【演讲者及介绍】Luis H. Zayas

Luis H. Zayas通过对面临被驱逐出境的移民儿童和家庭以及在拘留中心的难民和寻求庇护的母亲和儿童进行评估，仍然是一名自豪的积极的心理健康医生。

【演讲主题】美墨边境家庭分离对儿童的心理影响

The psychological impact of child separation at the US-Mexico border

【中英文字幕】

翻译者 Lilian Chiu 校对者 Melody Tang

00:01

For over 40 years, I've been a clinical social worker and a developmental psychologist. And it seemed almost natural for me to go into the helping professions. My parents had taught me to do good for others. And so I devoted my career to working with families in some of the toughest circumstances: poverty, mental illness, immigration, refugees. And for all those years, I've worked with hope and with optimism.

我担任临床社工及发展心理学家 已经超过四十年。对我来说，进入助人的职业 是一件很自然的事。我父母教我要为他人行善。所以我的职涯都是在 协助境况最艰苦的一些家庭：贫困、心理疾病、 移民、难民。这些年来，我都带着希望和乐观在工作。

00:31

In the past five years, though, my hope and my optimism have been put to the test. I've been so deeply disappointed in the way the United States government is treating families who are coming to our southern border, asking for asylum -- desperate parents with children, from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, who only want to bring their kids to safety and security. They are fleeing some of the worst violence in the world. They've been attacked by gangs, assaulted, raped, extorted, threatened. They have faced death. And they can't turn to their police because the police are complicit, corrupt, ineffective. Then they get to our border, and we put them in detention centers, prisons, as if they were common criminals.

不过，在过去五年，我的希望和我的乐观受到了考验。让我深深失望的是美国政府对待来到我们南方边境寻求庇护的家庭的方式。绝望的父母，带着他们的孩子，来自萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯，他们只想要把孩子带到安全的地方。他们在躲避世界上最可怖的暴力。他们受到帮派攻击、施暴、强暴、勒索、威胁。他们面临过死亡。他们无法去找警察，因为警察参与同谋、腐败、无效率。接着，他们到了我们的边界，我们把他们送入拘留中心、监狱，当成一般罪犯。

01:27

Back in 2014, I met some of the first children in detention centers. And I wept. I sat in my car afterwards and I cried. I was seeing some of the worst suffering I'd ever known, and it went against everything I believed in my country, the rule of law and everything my parents taught me.

2014 年时，我见过拘留中心的第一批孩童。我落泪了。事后我坐在我的车里，哭了出来。这是我见过最糟糕的苦难之一，这个做法违背了我对我的国家所相信的一切，法规，以及我父母教我的一切。

01:54

The way the United States has handled the immigrants seeking asylum in our country over the past five years -- it's wrong, just simply wrong. Tonight, I want to tell you that children in immigration detention are being traumatized. And we are causing the trauma. We in America -- actually, those of us here tonight -- will not necessarily be on the same page with respect to immigration. We'll disagree on how we're going to handle all those people who want to come to our country. Frankly, it doesn't matter to me whether you're a Republican or a Democrat, liberal or conservative. I want secure borders. I also want to keep the bad actors out. I want national security. And of course, you'll have your ideas about those topics, too. But I think we can agree that America should not be doing harm. The government, the state, should not be in the business of hurting children. It should be protecting them, no matter whose children they are: your children, my grandchildren and the children of families just looking for asylum.

过去五年间，美国处理这些到美国寻找庇护的移民的方式——是错的，根本就是错的。今晚，我想要告诉各位。在移民拘留所中的孩童受到了创伤。而创伤是我们造成的。在美国的我们——其实就连今晚在这里的我们——对于移民议题都不见得会有相同看法。对于要如何处理这些 想要进入我们国家的人，我们会有歧见。坦白说，我不在乎你是共和党或民主党，自由派或保守派。我希望边界安全。我也不想让行为恶劣的人进来。我希望国家能安全。当然，你对这些议题 也会有你自己的看法。但我想，我们都能认同，美国不应该去做造成伤害的事。政府和国家不应该做出伤害孩童的事。应该要保护他们，不论那些孩子是什么人：你的孩子、我的孙子，及只是要寻求庇护的家庭的孩子。

03:22

Now, I could tell you story after story of children who have witnessed some of the worst violence in the world and are now sitting in detention. But two little boys have stayed with me over these past five years. One of them was Danny. Danny was seven and a half years old when I met him in a detention center in Karnes City, Texas, back in 2014. He was there with his mother and his brother, and they had fled Honduras. You know, Danny is one of these kids that you get to love instantly. He's funny, he's innocent, he's charming and very expressive. And he's drawing pictures for me, and one of the pictures he drew for me was of the Revos Locos. The Revos Locos: this is the name that they gave to gangs in the town that he was in. I said to Danny, "Danny, what makes them bad guys?" Danny looked at me with puzzlement. I mean, the look was more like, "Are you clueless or just stupid?"

我有说不完的故事，都是目击了世界上最残酷的暴力的孩子现在遭到拘留。但，在过去五年，有两个小男孩让我无法忘怀。其中一个是丹尼。2014年，我在德州卡恩斯城的拘留中心见到丹尼时，他七岁半。他的母亲及兄弟都在那里，他们从洪都拉斯逃出来。丹尼是那种你会马上爱上的孩子。他很有趣，他很纯真，他很迷人，表情丰富。他会为我画画，他为我画的其中一张图是「Revos Locos」。Revos Locos：这是他们替 他们小镇上的帮派取的名字。我对丹尼说：「丹尼，他们为什么是坏人？」丹尼一脸困惑地看着我。其实，他的表情比较像是：「你是真的没头绪还是太笨？」

04:26

(Laughter)

（笑声）

04:28

He leaned in and he whispered, "Don't you see? They smoke cigarettes."

他靠向我，低声说：「你不懂吗？他们会抽烟。」

04:33

(Laughter)

（笑声）

04:35

"And they drink beer." Danny had learned, of course, about the evils of drinking and smoking. Then he said, "And they carry guns." In one of the pictures, the stick figures of the Revos Locos are shooting at birds and at people. Danny told me about the day his uncle was killed by those Revos Locos and how he ran from his house to his uncle's farmhouse, only to see his uncle's dead body, his face disfigured by bullets. And Danny told me he saw his uncle's teeth coming out the back of his head. He was only six at the time. Sometime after that, one of those Revos Locos beat little Danny badly, severely, and that's when his parents said, "We have got to leave or they will kill us."

「且他们会喝啤酒。」当然，丹尼已经知道喝酒和抽烟是不好的事。接着，他说：「他们会带枪。」在其中一张画里，用简笔画的Revos Locos，对着鸟儿和人开枪。丹尼告诉我，他的舅舅被Revos Locos杀害的那天，他从他的房子跑到他舅舅的农舍，却只看到他舅舅的尸体，他的脸被子弹损毁。丹尼告诉我，他看到舅舅的牙齿从头部后方跑出来。那时他才六岁。之后不久，Revos Locos的一员将小丹尼打成重伤，那时他的父母说：「我们必须离开，不然就会被他们杀了。」

05:29

So they set out. But Danny's father was a single-leg amputee with a crutch, and he couldn't manage the rugged terrain. So he said to his wife, "Go without me. Take our boys. Save our boys." So Mom and the boys set off. Danny told me he looked back, said goodbye to his father, looked back a couple of times until he lost sight of his father. In detention, he had not heard from his father. And it's very likely that his father was killed by the Revos Locos, because he had tried to flee. I can't forget Danny.

所以他们出发了。但丹尼的父亲一只脚被截肢，要用拐杖走路，他无法在高低不平的地形上行走。所以他对他的妻子说：「不要管我，带着孩子们走吧。救救我们的孩子。」于是母亲和儿子们出发了。丹尼告诉我，他回头向他的父亲说再见，又回头看了好几次，直到看不见父亲的身影。在被拘留时，他完全没有父亲的消息。很有可能他父亲已经被Revos Locos杀害，因为他曾经尝试逃走。我忘不了丹尼。

06:07

The other boy was Fernando. Now, Fernando was in the same detention center, roughly the same age as Danny. Fernando was telling me about the 24 hours he spent in isolation with his mother in the detention center, placed there because his mother had led a hunger strike among the mothers in the detention center, and now she was cracking under the pressure of the guards, who were threatening and being very abusive towards her and Fernando. As Fernando and I are talking in the small office, his mother burst in, and she says, "They hear you! They're listening to you." And she dropped to her hands and knees, and she began to look under the table, groping under all the chairs. She looked at the electric sockets, at the corner of the room, the floor, the corner of the ceiling, at the lamp, at the air vent, looking for hidden microphones and cameras. I watched Fernando as he watched his mother spiral into this paranoid state. I looked in his eyes and I saw utter terror. After all, who would take care of him if she couldn't? It was just the two of them. They only had each other. I could tell you story after story, but I haven't forgotten Fernando. And I know something about what that kind of trauma, stress and adversity does to children. So I'm going to get clinical with you for a moment, and I'm going to be the professor that I am.

另一个男孩是费南多。费南多也在同一个拘留中心，和丹尼的年龄差不多。费南多跟我说到他和他母亲在拘留中心里被与其他人隔离了大约二十四小时。他们被隔离，是因为他母亲在拘留中心带领母亲们发起一场绝食抗议，现在，守卫的压力让她精神出问题了，守卫不但做出威胁且虐待她和费南多。当费南多和我在一间小型办公室中交谈时，他的母亲闯进来，她说：「他们听得见你！他们在偷听你。」她将双手和双膝都放在地上趴下，开始在桌子下找寻、摸索每一张椅子底下。她察看电插座、房间的角落、地板、屋顶的角落、台灯、通风孔，寻找隐藏的麦克风和摄影机。费南多看着他母亲忙上忙下陷入这种恐慌的状态中，我则看着费南多。我看着他的眼睛，我看到完全的恐惧。毕竟，如果她无法照顾他，还有谁能？他们就只有彼此相依为命。我有说不完的故事可以跟大家分享，但我仍然忘不了费南多。我了解那种创伤、压力，和逆境会对孩子有什么影响。所以我要和各位谈一下临床面，我要回到我的教授角色。

07:42

Under prolonged and intense stress, trauma, hardship, adversity, harsh conditions, the developing brain is harmed, plain and simple. Its wiring and its architecture are damaged. The child's natural stress response system is affected. It's weakened of its protective factors. Regions of the brain that are associated with cognition, intellectual abilities, judgment, trust, self-regulation, social interaction, are weakened, sometimes permanently. That impairs children's future. We also know that under stress, the child's immune system is suppressed, making them susceptible to infections. Chronic illnesses, like diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, will follow those children into adulthood and likely shorten their lives.

在很漫长和强烈的压力、创伤、困苦、逆境、严酷条件下，发展中的大脑会受到伤害。就这么简单。大脑的链接和结构会被损伤。孩子的自然压力因应系统会受到影响。它的保护因子会被削弱。大脑中和认知有关系的区域、智力相关能力、判断、信任、自我规范、社交互动 都会变弱，有时是永久性的。那会伤害到孩子的未来。我们也知道，在压力之下，孩子的免疫系统会被压制，让他们很容易被感染。慢性病，比如糖尿病、气喘、心血管疾病，会跟着孩子进入成年期，很可能会缩短他们的寿命。

08:45

Mental health problems are linked to the breakdown of the body. I have seen children in detention who have recurrent and disturbing nightmares, night terrors, depression and anxiety, dissociative reactions, hopelessness, suicidal thinking and post-traumatic stress disorders. And they regress in their behavior, like the 11-year-old boy who began to wet his bed again after years of continence. And the eight-year-old girl who was buckling under the pressure and was insisting that her mother breastfeed her. That is what detention does to children.

心理健康问题让身体的健康受到影响。我曾经见过被拘留的孩子一再做让他心神不宁的恶梦、半夜惊恐、忧郁和焦虑、解离性反应、失去希望、自杀念头，以及创伤后症候群。他们的行为会退化，就像有个十一岁的男孩，本来已经数年不会尿床，又再度开始尿床。还有个八岁女孩在压力之下崩溃，坚持要她的母亲哺乳。这就是拘留对孩子的影响。

09:29

Now, you may ask: What do we do? What should our government do? Well, I'm just a mental health professional, so all I really know is about children's health and development. But I have some ideas.

你可能会问：我们能怎么做？我们的政府应该怎么做？我只是心理健康方面的专业人士，我懂的只是孩子的健康和发展。但我有些想法。

09:46

First, we need to reframe our practices. We need to replace fear and hostility with safety and compassion. We need to tear down the prison walls, the barbed wire, take away the cages. Instead of prison, or prisons, we should create orderly asylum processing centers, campus-like communities where children and families can live together. We could take old motels, old army barracks, refit them so that children and parents can live as family units in some safety and normality, where kids can run around. In these processing centers, pediatricians, family doctors, dentists and nurses, would be screening, examining, treating and immunizing children, creating records that will follow them to their next medical provider. Social workers would be conducting mental health evaluations and providing treatment for those who need it. Those social workers would be connecting families to services that they're going to need, wherever they're headed. And teachers would be teaching and testing children and documenting their learning so that the teachers at the next school can continue those children's education. There's a lot more that we could do in these processing centers. A lot more.

首先，我们得要重新建构我们的做法。我们得用安全和怜悯来取代恐惧和敌意。我们得要拆除监狱的围墙、有刺铁丝网，不要再有牢笼。我们应该建造有条理地处理庇护的中心，而不是监狱，建造像校园一样的小区，让孩子和家人能一起在那里生活。我们可以采用老旧的汽车旅馆和军方营房， 整修之后，让孩子和父母 能以家庭为单位住在那里，能拥有安全和正常生活，孩子可以四处奔跑。在这些处理中心里，会有小儿科医生、家庭医生、牙医、护士 来筛选、检测、治疗孩子，增强他们的免疫力，建立记录，让下一个医疗服务提供者也能取得他们的记录。社工会进行心理健康评估，提供治疗给需要的人。那些社工会协助家庭 与他们需要的服务做连结，不论他们将来会到何处。老师会教导、测验孩子，记录他们的学习状况，这样，下一所学校的老师就可以接续这些孩子的教育。在这些处理中心里还有很多我们可以做的事。非常多。

11:19

And you probably are thinking, this is pie-in-the-sky stuff. Can't blame you. Well, let me tell you that refugee camps all over the world are holding families like those in our detention centers, and some of those refugee camps are getting it right far better than we are. The United Nations has issued reports describing refugee camps that protect children's health and development. Children and parents live in family units and clusters of families are housed together. Parents are given work permits so they can earn some money, they're given food vouchers so they can go to the local stores and shop. Mothers are brought together to cook healthy meals for the children, and children go to school every day and are taught. Afterwards, after school, they go home and they ride bikes, hang out with friends, do homework and explore the world -- all the essentials for child development. We can get it right. We have the resources to get it right. What we need is the will and the insistence of Americans that we treat children humanely.

你可能在想，这是不可及的梦想。不能怪你。让我告诉各位，世界各地难民营所收容的，就是像我们拘留中心里的那些家庭，而有些难民营做得很好，比我们好非常多。联合国发布的报告中描述这些难民营会保护孩子的健康和发展。孩子和父母以家庭为单位住在一起，而数个家庭被安排群聚在一起。父母能取得工作许可，所以他们能够赚钱，他们能取得食物卷，到当地的商店去购物。母亲被聚集在一起，为孩子烹饪健康餐点，孩子每天都会上学、被教导。放学之后，他们会回家骑脚踏车、和朋友玩、做作业、探索世界——这些对于孩子的发展都很重要。我们能把事情做对。我们有资源可以办到。我们需要的只是美国人对于我们应该要人道对待孩子的意愿和坚持。

12:40

You know, I can't forget Danny or Fernando. I wonder where they are today, and I pray that they are healthy and happy. They are only two of the many children I met and of the thousands we know about who have been in detention. I may be saddened by what's happened to the children, but I'm inspired by them. I may cry, as I did, but I admire those children's strength. They keep alive my hope and my optimism in the work I do.

我忘不了丹尼或费南多。我不知道他们现在在哪里，我祈祷他们能健康又快乐。我见过许多孩子，他们只是其中两个，我们知道有数千个孩子被拘留，他们只是其中两个。也许这些孩子的际遇让我感到难过，但他们鼓舞了我。我可能会哭泣，我确实哭过，但我钦佩那些孩子的力量。他们让我在工作时能继续保有希望和乐观。

13:18

So while we may differ on our approach to immigration, we should be treating children with dignity and respect. We should do right by them. If we do, we can prepare those children who remain in the United States, prepare them to become productive, engaged members of our society. And those who will return to their countries whether voluntarily or not will be prepared to become the teachers, the merchants, the leaders in their country. And I hope together all of those children and parents could give testimony to the world about the goodness of our country and our values. But we have to get it right.

也许我们大家对于移民的处理方式有歧见，但我们应该要用有尊严和尊重的方式来对待孩子。我们应该要对孩子们好。如果我们做了，我们能协助那些待在美国的孩子，准备好成为我们社会中 有生产力、能投入的一份子。至于会被遣返回国的孩子，不论是否出于自愿，我们也能能协助他们准备好，在他们的国家中成为老师、商人、领导人。我希望，所有这些孩子和父母能够向世界证明我们的国家是良善的，我们的价值观。但我们得把这件事做对。

14:03

So we can agree to disagree on immigration, but I hope we can agree on one thing: that none of us wants to look back at this moment in our history, when we knew we were inflicting lifelong trauma on children, and that we sat back and did nothing. That would be the greatest tragedy of all.

所以，对于移民，我们可以有共识或歧见，但我希望我们至少有一项共识：没有人会想要在未来，回头看历史上的这一刻，明明知道我们在让孩子受到一生的创伤，却选择袖手旁观。那会是最大的悲剧。

14:30

Thank you.

谢谢

14:32

(Applause)

（掌声）