人们对公共教育的看法发生转变

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2023年01月04日

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One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education
一项重要的、有可能促使人们对公共教育的角色的看法发生转变的社会发展

was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools.
是本世纪五六十年代的生育高峰对学校的影响。

In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate
在20年代，尤其是在30年代后的大萧条中，美国经历了一次出生率的下降

--- every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940.
--1920年每千名年龄在15岁至45岁的妇女生下大约118个存活婴儿，1930年89.2个，1936年75.8个，1940年80个。

With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom
随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，
that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.
年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人更早地结婚成家，而且比前辈养育更大的家庭。
- Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955.
- 1946年出生率上升到102%，1950年达106%，1955年达118%。
- Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom.
- 对于生育高峰，经济有可能是最重要的决定因素，但它并不是唯一的解释。
- The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.
- 不断受到重视的家庭观念也有助于解释出生率的上升。
- The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950.
- 到40年代中期为止，这些生育高峰出生的孩子们开始源源不断地进入小学一年级。到了1950年，就形成了一股洪流。
- The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed.
- 公共教育系统突然感到不堪重负了。
  - While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food.
  - 由于战时和战后的状况，使得学龄儿童人数增加，这些状况使得学校面对这股洪流更加措手不及。
  - The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945.
  - 战时经济意味着在1940年到1950年间几乎没有建立新学校。
  - Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.
  - 而且，在战时和随后的经济增长时期，大量的教师离开岗位去别处从事报酬更为优厚的工作。
  - Therefore in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system.
  - 因此，在五六十年代，生育高峰冲击着陈旧而不完备的学校体系。
  - Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric"of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made sense
  - 这样一来，30年代以及40年代早期，"监护理论"就不再有意义了。
    - that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority
    - 也就是说，通过使16岁以上的年轻人留在学校不进入劳动力市场的做法再也不是教育机构的优先考虑了。
    - for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen.
    - 因为教育机构不再能找到场地和教师来教育那些更小的5-16岁的孩子。
    - With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline.
    - 随着生育高峰，教育者和圈外人士对教育的兴趣和焦点，不可避免地转向了更低的年级和基础的学术技能和学科上。
    - The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.
    - 这个系统不再有浓厚的兴趣给较年长的年轻人提供非传统的新式的和额外的服务。