第9章 被动语态 9.1 主动语态与被动语态
9.1 主动语态与被动语态
9.1.1 主动语态和被动语态
主语和谓语有时是主动关系，即主语是动作的执行者，如：
Everybody respects him. 人人都尊敬他。
有时也可以是被动关系，即主语是动作的承受者，如：
He is respected by everybody. 他受到大家的尊敬。
第一句的谓语为主动语态，第二句的谓语为被动语态。就句子来说，前一句是主动结构，后一句为被动结构。这里也可看出被动结构句子中的主语是主动结构句子中的宾语：
这类句子有些有by引导的状语，如：
The supermarket is run by a young lady. 这家超市是一位年轻的女士经营的。
The play was written by Cao Yu. 这个戏是曹禺写的。
但有些却没有，如：
She was born in Hunan Province. 她出生于湖南省。
They were given a warm welcome. 他们受到热烈的欢迎。
从这些句子中也可以看出，被动词态由“be+过去分词”构成，时态由be表现出来。
9.1.2 哪些动词可用于被动语态
1) 一般说来及物动词可用于被动语态，因为及物动词有宾语，把宾语变为主语，句子即可改为被动结构：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
* * *
Someone broke the window. The window was broken.
Judia painted a picture. The picture was painted by Judia.
We keep the butter in the fridge. The butter is kept in the fridge.
They killed two brids last night. Two brids were killed last night.
2) 不及物动词若与介词结合可构成成语动词，这时就可以有宾语，因而也就可以用于被动结构：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
* * *
We are looking into the case. The case is being looked into.
He operated on her yesterday. She was operated on yesterday.
They discriminated against him. He was discriminated against.
They have broken into his house. His house has been broken into.
3) 由情态动词等构成的谓语也可用于被动结构：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
* * *
We can't do it in a day. It can't be done in a day.
You must do it right now. It must be done right now.
We should revise the plan. The plan should be revised.
She has to finish the work tonight. The work has to be finished tonight.
4) 非谓语动词，由于不是谓语，不能改为被动语态，但可改为被动形式（Passive Forms）：
主动形式 被动形式
* * *
* * *
She asked to see the manager. She asked to be given a job.
I have nothing to do. There is nothing to be done.
She hated living alone. She hated being treated like that.
I heard someone singing next door. I heard the song sung in Italian.
9.1.3 哪些结构可变为被动结构
除了“主+谓+宾”这种结构可变为被动结构外，还有下面结构可变为被动结构：
1) 主语+谓语+宾语+不定式：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
* * *
We told the boy to go to bed. The boy was told to go to bed.
They asked her to sing a song. She was asked to sing a song.
They made him work long hours. He was made to work long hours.
We saw him enter the house. He was seen to enter the house.
2) 主语+谓语+宾语+名词作补语：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
* * *
They made him their leader. He was made their leader.
We called her Big Sister. She was called Big Sister.
We must keep this a secret. This must be kept a secret.
They elected him chairman. He was elected chairman.
3) 主语+谓语+宾语+形容词等作补语：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
* * *
She painted the walls yellow. The walls were painted yellow.
He dyed his hair red. His hair was dyed red.
They set her free. She was set free.
We found them in high spirits. They were found in high spirits.
4) 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（+其他部分）：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
* * *
They gave me something to eat. I was given something to eat.
She taught me an English song. I was taught an English song.
He told us some stories. We were told some stories.
They awarded her a special prize. She was awarded a special prize.
5) 主语+谓语+从句：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
They said that she was a saint. It was said that she was a saint.
They believe that he has magic power. It's believed that he has magic power.
They reported that he had resigned. It was reported that he had resigned.
They announced that the contest was. It was announced that the contest was to be postponed.
to be postponed
