第9章　被动语态 9.3　各种结构的被动形式

9.3　各种结构的被动形式

9.3.1　带情态动词的被动结构

1) 由can， could构成的被动结构：

This pump can also be operated by hand. 这种泵也可手动操作。

This can't be done in a short time. 这不是短期内能完成的。

How could she be persuaded to stay? 怎么能劝说她留下？

He thought that expenditure could be further reduced. 他认为开支还可进一步削减。

△can， could后的不定式也可用完成形式：

This can't have been done by a human being. 这不可能是人做的事。

Such expenses could have been avoided. 这些开支本来是可以避免的。

2) 由may， might构成的被动结构：

The road may be further widened. 这条路还可再拓宽一点。

An art school may (might) be opened next year. 明年可能开办一所艺术学校。

You might be asked to speak at the meeting. 可能会请你在会上发言。

She might be sent to work abroad. 她可能被派往国外工作。

△may， might后的不定式也可用完成形式：

He may have been given wrong information. 可能给了他错误的情报。

They might have been put in the wrong place. 它们可能被放错了地方。

3) 由must， mustn't构成的被动结构：

This must be considered carefully. 这事必须仔细考虑。

Glassware must be handled with care. 玻璃器皿必须轻拿轻放。

All these factors mustn't be neglected. 所有这些因素都不能忽略。

Pupils mustn't be given too much homework. 学生作业不能留得太多。

△must， mustn't后的不定式也可用完成形式：

The house must have been broken into at night. 这房子准是夜里有人强行闯入。

This pagoda must have been built in the Ming Dynasty. 这座宝塔一定是明朝建的。

4) 由should构成的被动语态：

You should be praised for what you've done. 你的行为应予表扬。

Should she be told about it? 这事应该告诉她吗？

This should be kept a secret. 这事应当保密。

Our precious time shouldn't be wasted that way. 我们的宝贵时间不应当这样浪费。

△should后面的不定式也可用完成形式：

Such people shouldn't have been invited. 这样的人本来就不该邀请。

They should have been well treated. 他们本应受到良好的待遇。

5) needn't也可用于被动结构：

She needn't be told about it. 这事无需告诉她。

The second point needn't be (needn't have been) mentioned. 第二点无需提及。

在肯定句及疑问句中要加to：

They need to be cautioned. 他们需要提醒。

Does this need to be mentioned? 这一点需要提吗？

9.3.2　一些不定式结构的被动形式

1) ought to的被动结构：

Such behaviour ought to be criticized. 这种行为应受到批评。

He ought to be (have been) given a chance to try. 应当给他尝试的机会。

This ought to be done right away. 这事应当马上去做。

He ought to have been inoculated. 他本应先打预防针的。

2) 由be going to构成的被动结构：

When is the dam going to be completed? 水坝什么时候建好？

How many people are going to be sent there? 将派多少人去那里？

Two of them were going to be promoted. 他们中有两人将要升职。

Her drama was going to be produced in July. 她的话剧定于七月份上演。

3) 由has（have/had）to构成的被动结构：

This has to be done promptly. 这事必须赶快办理。

Many problems have to be discussed at the meeting. 很多问题得在会上商谈。

This will (would) have to be handled with care. 这事得小心处理。

These instructions had to be carried out to the letter. 这些指示必须不折不扣地执行。

4) 由“be+不定式”构成的被动结构：

This book is to be published next year. 这本书将于明年出版。

These old buildings are to be pulled down. 这些旧楼将要拆掉。

Not a soul was to be seen. 一个人影也看不到。

They were to have been married that fall, but she fell seriously ill. 他们本来那年秋天结婚，但她得了重病。

5) 由 “be bound（sure）to”构成的被动结构：

She is bound to be convinced. 她一定会被说服。

They are (were) bound to be confronted with all sorts of difficulties. 他们肯定会面临种种困难。

These difficulties are sure to be overcome. 这些困难一定会被克服。

These questions are certain to be given careful consideration. 这些问题一定会给予认真考虑。

6) 由“be about（due）to”构成的被动结构：

He was (is) about to be transferred to another place. 他即将被调往另一地区。

The rally was (is) due to be held on Saturday. 大会定于星期六召开。

The work is not likely to be finished so soon. 这工作不太可能这么快就完成。

9.3.3　成语动词的被动结构

1)“及物动词+副词”的被动结构：

This failure has been brought about by your own negligence. 这次失败是你们自己的疏忽造成的。

The proposal was brought forward by Senator Douglas. 这个提案是参议员道格拉斯提出的。

His illness was brought on by his worries. 他忧虑成疾。

The theory of relativity was put forward by Einstein. 相对论是爱因斯坦提出的。

2)“动词+介词”的被动结构：

　The meeting was brought to a climax by her appearance on the stage. 她在台上出现使会议达到了高潮。

　The matter was soon brought to his notice. 这事很快受到他的注意。

The baby was closely looked after by her. 宝宝受到她细致的照顾。

The plan was soon put into operation. 这计划不久就实施了。

3)“动词+副词（名词）+介词”的被动结构：

There are some things that are not easily put up with. 有些事是不容易忍受的。

Lazy people are looked down on by everyone. 懒人谁都瞧不起。

His efforts to improve himself are constantly made fun of. 他自我完善的努力经常遭人取笑。

They're taken care of by the factory's nursery. 他们由工厂的幼儿园照顾。

9.3.4　一些特殊结构的被动形式

1) 双宾动词的被动结构：

双宾动词有些可用于被动结构，在多数情况下都把间接宾语变为主语，而把直接宾语保留下来，称为保留宾语（Retained Object）：

They were granted permission to visit the military base. 他们获准参观军事基地。

She was given a warm welcome. 她受到热烈欢迎。

We were assigned a lot of homework. 我们被布置了大量的家庭作业。

The best students are awarded scholarships. 最优秀的学生被颁给了奖学金。

有时也可把直接宾语变为主语，把间接宾语改为to引导的短语：

Excellent rooms are assigned to the girls. 上好的房间分给了那些姑娘。

The St. Mungo Prize was awarded to Mrs. Rayman. 圣曼戈奖颁给了雷门夫人。

2) 带复合宾语动词的被动结构：

You are requested to be present at the ceremony. 请您出席这个典礼。

She was made a model worker. 她被选为劳模。

Details of the contract haven't been made public. 合同的细节尚未公布。

She was heard singing in the next room. 有人听见她在隔壁房间唱歌。

3)“be +过去分词+不定式”结构：

She is said to know five languages. 据说她懂得五种语言。

This was considered (thought) to be a great honour. 这被认为是很荣幸的事。

He's rumoured to have fled the country. 谣传他已逃离这个国家。

She's reported to have broken a world record. 据报导她打破了一项世界纪录。

4)“it+be+过去分词+从句”结构：

It's believed (said) that she has some supernatural powers. 据信（说）她有某些特异功能。

It's rumoured that the girl had eloped with her teacher. 谣传这女孩和她的老师私奔了。

It's reported that they have discovered a new star. 据报导他们发现了一颗新星。

It was feared that they wouldn't be able to defend the town. 大家担心守不住这座城市。