第22章　定　语 22.4　同位语

22.4　同位语

22.4.1　用名词、代词或数词作同位语

1) 在名词后常可跟另一名词作它的同位语，说明它指谁：

She is my niece Maria. 她是我的侄女玛丽亚。

同位语有两种：

a．限制性同位语——它和前面的名词（代词）关系比较紧密，中间没有逗号把它们分开：

My aunt Lena is staying with me. 我的姨母丽娜和我们住在一起。

He wrote a biography of the Russian writer Tolstoy. 他写了一部俄国作家托尔斯泰的传记。

You girls are much more active than us boys. 你们女生比我们男生活跃多了。

b．非限制性同位语——它和前面名词的关系比较松散，中间通常有一个逗号把它们分开（表示略有停顿）：

This is Professor Baker, head of our department. 这是我们的系主任贝克教授。

They are staying at Beidaihe, a summer resort in Northern China. 他们现在北戴河，它是华北的一个避暑胜地。

We completed the project in six months, half the usual time. 我们用六个月时间完成了这项工程，这只是平常时间的一半。

We have everything we need:land, funds and technology. 我们拥有所需的一切：土地、资金和技术。

Qinghai, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3,198 meters above sea-level. 我国最大的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3,198米。

One, Haisipi Island, has an area of 0.46 sq. km. and the other, Bird Island, measures 0.11 sq. km. 一个叫海西皮岛，面积0.46平方公里，另一个叫鸟岛，面积0.11平方公里。

多数的同位语属于后一类。

2) 有些同位语是代词（a）或是数词（b）：

a．We're both from (both came from) the north. 我们俩都是北方人。

The theory itself is all right. 这理论本身没有问题。

We each put forward a proposal. 我们每人提出了一个建议。

They none of them said anything. 他们谁也没有说什么。

She seemed different from us all. 她似乎和我们大家都不同。

b．Is there room for us two? 有我们两人的位置吗？

You three sit here. 你们三人坐这里。

Another example is John Brown Senior, now 66, who has been here for 40 years. 另外一个例子是老约翰·布朗，现在六十六岁，在这里已经四十年了。

Some 485 million people, about two-fifths of our population, live in this immense area. 约有四亿八千五百万人，占我们人口的五分之二，居住在这片辽阔的地区。

22.4.2　用形容词或词组作同位语

1) 有些同位语可以是形容词：

People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished visitors. 老老少少都出来迎接贵宾。

Middle-aged, tall and thin, he looked the typical Shanxi farmer. 他是中年人，瘦高个儿，看上去是一个典型的山西农民。

2) 有些同位语结构复杂一些，带有一个副词或代词：

Xiao Yan, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about it. 小燕平常是一个腼腆的姑娘，现在也和他们热烈地辩论此事。

It has several waiting rooms, all airy and filled with chairs and sofas. 它有几间候车室，通风很好，摆满了椅子和长沙发。

Two phosphate mines, one in Hubei and the other in Guizhou, are being speedily built. 两座磷矿，一在湖北，一在贵州，正在加速建设。

These methods, systematically summarized, are now being popularized in the whole country. 这些方法经过系统总结，正在全国推广。

这类同位语也可以提前，特别是主语比较短时，来给它以突出的位置：

A peasant by birth, Liu Qiang is straightforward in character. 刘强是农民出身，是个直性子。

A skilful hand at improving tools, Xiao Hu helped to make a new type of cutter. 小胡是改革工具的能手，他帮助制作了一种新型刀具。

Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer. 他过去是工人，现在是工程师了。

3) 有些同位语结构更复杂一点，由for example, including等引导：

They visit eight cities, for example, London and Paris. 他们访问了八座城市，如伦敦和巴黎。

New Zealand possesses rich mineral deposits, including gold. 新西兰拥有丰富的矿藏，包括黄金。

The children like the animals, particularly the panda. 孩子们很喜欢那些动物，特别是熊猫。

I like all the kids, especially Lester. 我喜欢所有的孩子，特别是莱斯特。

I'm pleased with only one boy, namely George. 我只喜欢一个男孩子，那就是乔治。

He is a cutter—that is to say, a man who sells knives and sharp tooles. 他是一位刀具匠，也就是说，一个出售各种刀和锋利工具的人。

22.4.3　同位语从句

1) 有很多名词后可以跟that引导的从句，说明其内容，可称为同位语从句（Appositive Clauses）：

There was no doubt that he was a fine scholar. 毫无疑问，他是位优秀的学者。

He was conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他意识到她不赞成他在做的事。

We received a message that he would be absent. 我们收到了他将缺席的消息。

We have proof that this man committed the crime. 我们有证据说明是这个人犯的罪。

I've expressed the opinion that she can act. 我表明了她能演戏的看法。

I have good hopes they will give you a visa at Locarno. 我抱有很大希望，他们会在洛迦诺发给你签证。

I had the impression that she chose her words with care. 我有印象，她选词很小心。

He presented evidence that his thesis was based on original research. 他提交证据表明，他的论文是根据原先的研究写成的。

I had no idea that your husband was opposed to my visit. 我不知道你丈夫反对我来访。

He came to see her in the belief that he will be welcome. 他来看她，相信他会受到欢迎。

He had the feeling that he would not see her again. 他感觉他再也见不到她了。

I've come to the conclusion that it won't be wise to do so. 我得出结论这样做是不明智的。

There is a rumour that you have resigned. 有谣言说你辞职了。

The report that he was going to resign was false. 他将辞职的传闻是假的。

There is some possibility (that) he may be late. 他有可能晚到。

I give my guarantee that he will support the idea. 我（向你）保证他会支持这个想法。

Tears filled her eyes at the thought that she might never see him again. 想到她可能再也见不到他，她眼中充满了泪水。

They received assurance that the Union would stand by them. 他们得到保证工会将支持他们。

2) 同位语从句有时和前面的名词分开：

The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 谣传这里要盖一所新学校。

The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息传开说他彩票中奖赢得了一辆汽车。

The story goes that he often beats his wife. 传说他经常打老婆。

The order soon came that all civilians must evacuate the village. 不久传来命令，所有村民必须撤离村庄。

Report has it that five people were killed in the accident. 据传这次事故中死了五个人。

The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想到敌人可能已逃离这座城市。

3) 在少数情况下可用连接副（代）词引导的从句作同位语：

You have no idea how worried I was. 你不知道我多发愁。

I have no idea why she left. 我不知道她为什么走了。

He had no idea what a remarkable woman Maggie is. 他不知道玛吉是个多么出色的女人。

There is some doubt (as to) whether John will come on time. 对约翰是否会准时到有一些怀疑。