第23章　状　语 23.1　状语表示法

23.1　状语表示法

23.1.1　状语表示法

状语可以由以下成分表示：

1) 副词：

He secretly decided to leave the town. 他私下决定离开这座城市。

We'll raise the money somehow. 我们将以某种方式筹集这笔钱。

2) 介词短语：

He traveled in the desert for six months. 他在沙漠里走了六个月。

We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。

3) 不定式（短语）：

I went there to see my grandmother. 我到那里去看我奶奶。

The suitcase is too heavy to be carried by a child. 箱子太重小孩拿不动。

4) 分词（短语）：

Being a poor teacher, he can't afford to buy a car. 他是一位穷教师，买不起汽车。

Compared to her affection, nothing else had any worth. 和她的感情相比，别的东西都没有什么价值。

5) 形容词：

He said nothing but sat silent smoking .他没说话，只静坐在那里抽烟。

Fresh from the oven, rolls are delicious. 刚出炉的小面包很好吃。

6) 词组：

I shall stay another five months. 我将再待五个月。

First thing in the morning we swept the courtyard for the landlord. 每天早上我们的第一件事就是给房东扫院子。

7) 复合结构：

It being a holiday, the library isn't open. 这天是假日，图书馆不开门。

They will send you the book for$2.50, postage included. 他们将把书寄给你，书价2.50美元，邮资在内。

8) 从句：

Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来时请关好门。

However often I try, I can't find the answer. 不管尝试多少次，我都找不到答案。

间或可以用名词作状语：

We've been sitting hours waiting for you. 我们坐了好几个钟头等你。

She's feeling miles better today. 她今天感到好多了。

23.1.2　不定式（短语)作状语

1) 不定式常可作状语来表示目的（a）、结果（b）、程度（c）、原因（d）等：

a．We can send a car over to fetch you. 我们可以派车去接你。

She had suffered so much to bring up the children. 她受了很多苦来把孩子带大。

The test questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating. 考题都保密以防止作弊。

b．Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that? 谁会这样缺德做出这样的事？

He hurried to the place only to find the house empty. 他赶到那里只发现房子里空无一人。

She left home, never to return again. 她离开了家，再也没有回来。

c．It was too late to do anything now. 现在做什么都已为时太晚。

You're far too clever to have done that. 你很聪明，不会做出这种事的。

We are fortunate enough to get an empty car. 我们很幸运，找到了一辆空车。

d.I rejoice to see you here. 在这里见到你很高兴。

She shuddered to think of it. 想到这事她不寒而栗。

What has happened to make you so sad ? 出了什么事让你这样伤心？

2) 在许多作表语的形容词后可跟不定式（短语）作状语（多表示原因）：

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给你添了这么多麻烦。

I'm surprised to hear you say that. 听到你这样讲我很吃惊。

Be careful not to break anything. 小心点别打破什么东西。

I was wrong to tell her about it. 我把这事告诉她是错误的。

有很多形容词后面可跟不定式，常见的有：

3) 不定式（短语）还可以用来修饰整个句子，可称为句子状语（Sentence Adverbials）：

To be frank, your English is not flawless. 坦率地说，你的英语不是完美无暇的。

To be honest, I don't quite agree with you. 说老实话，我不完全同意你的意见。

We must go cautiously, to be sure. 的确，我们得谨慎行事。

The dog is, so to speak, a member of the family. 狗可以说是家庭的一个成员。

To tell you the truth, I hate to do it. 说真的，我不愿这样做。

To make a long story short, they began to study the problem in earnest. 长话短说，他们开始认真研究这个问题。

You are wrong about the facts to begin with. 首先你把事实都弄错了。

To put it mildly, she's just a bit inquisitive. 说得轻一点，她就是有点爱打听。

To be fair, he wasn't entirely to blame for that. 说句公道话，这不能全怪他。

This is inconsistency, to say the least. 说得再轻些，这也是前后矛盾。

关于不定式作状语的情况可参阅12.1.7节和13.5.9节。