形容词和副词考点 动词的语态
考点3 动词的语态
动词的语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系。英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
1. 各种时态的被动语态
被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，be动词随时态的变化而变化。
注意 “get+过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
2. 特殊结构形式
（1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。
（2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.（主动语态）→
He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（被动语态）
A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday.（被动语态）
（3）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不变。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.（主动语态）→
The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（被动语态）
（4）使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面的不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.（主动语态）→
A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（被动语态）
（5）一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词，如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等，可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。常见的具体用法有：
It is said that... 据说……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is hoped that... 人们希望……
It is well known that... 众所周知……
It is thought that... 人们认为……
It is suggested that... 据建议……
（6）make sb. heard/understood意为“使别人能听见/理解自己”。
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人能够理解你的话。
（7）在某些“形容词+不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
This problem is difficult to work out. 这是一个难以解决的问题。
3. 不用被动语态的几种情况
（1）系动词和不及物动词或不及物动词词组，如appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn, disappear, happen, last, lie, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有被动语态。
（2）表示状态和归属的谓语动词，如：last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist, have, own, belong to等。
（3）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用于被动语态。
4. 谓语动词主动形式表示被动的几种情况
（1）有些动词可以用其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，如sell, write, wash, open, lock等。
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
（2）表示“发生，进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, add up to, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
His whole school education added up to no more than three years. 他在学校接受的教育全部加起来还不足三年。
（3）表示感受、感官的系动词，如feel, sound, taste, book, feel等，在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
This book published last month sells well. 上个月出版的那本书卖得不错。
（4）在need, require, want, be worth, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.=The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
5. 谓语动词被动形式表示主动
（1）be seated 坐着。如：He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。
（2）be hidden 躲藏。如：He was hidden behind the door.（He hid himself behind the door.）他藏在门后。
（3）be lost 迷路。如：Unsaved changes will be lost. 未保存的更改将丢失。
（4）be drunk 喝醉。如：He must be drunk, or else he is mad. 他肯定是醉了，不然就是疯了。
（5）be dressed 穿着。如：The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 那位女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
注意
be determined, be pleased, be graduated（from）, be finished, be prepared（for）, be occupied（in）, get married等都属于被动形式表示主动意义的情况。
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所著名的大学。
