演讲MP3+双语文稿:给吸血蝙蝠注射疫苗教会我们哪些流行病知识
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【演讲者及介绍】Daniel Streicker
Daniel Streicker，动物疾病研究者，研究日常的致命病原体如何为未来传染病的爆发提供洞察力。
【演讲主题】给吸血蝙蝠注射疫苗可以教会我们哪些流行病知识？
翻译者 Jiasi Hao，校对者 Yolanda Zhang
00:13
The story that I'm going to tell you today,for me, began back in 2006. That was when I first heard about an outbreak ofmysterious illness that was happening in the Amazon rainforest of Peru. Thepeople that were getting sick from this illness, they had horrifying symptoms,nightmarish. They had unbelievable headaches, they couldn't eat or drink. Someof them were even halluting -- confused and aggressive. The most tragicpart of all was that many of the victims were children. And of all of those thatgot sick, none survived. It turned out that what was killing people was avirus, but it wasn't Ebola, it wasn't Zika, it wasn't even some new virus neverbefore seen by science. These people were dying of an ancient killer, one thatwe've known about for centuries. They were dying of rabies. And what all ofthem had in common was that as they slept, they'd all been bitten by the onlymammal that lives exclusively on a diet of blood: the vampire bat.
今天我要讲的故事对于我来说，始于 2006 年。那是我第一次听到秘鲁亚马逊雨林正在上演一场神秘疾病的大爆发。因为这个疾病，人们开始感到不适。他们出现了噩梦般的可怕症状；经历着难以忍受的的头痛，难以喝水进食。他们有的甚至产生了幻觉——变得困惑与激进。最让人心碎的是，大部分的病患是儿童。而且所有这些病患，无人幸存。最后事实证明是一种病毒杀害了那些人，但不是埃博拉，也不是寨卡，它甚至不是科学家前所未闻的新病毒。这些病患的离去是由一种古老的杀手造成的，一种在几百年前就知晓的病毒。病患们死于狂犬病。他们的一个共同点是，在睡觉时，都被一种仅以嗜血为生的哺乳动物给咬了：吸血蝠。
01:13
These sorts of outbreaks that jump frombats into people, they've become more and more common in the last couple ofdecades. In 2003, it was SARS. It showed up in Chinese animal markets andspread globally. That virus, like the one from Peru, was eventually traced backto bats, which have probably harbored it, undetected, for centuries. Then, 10years later, we see Ebola showing up in West Africa, and that surprised justabout everybody because, according to the science at the time, Ebola wasn't reallysupposed to be in West Africa. That ended up causing the largest and mostwidespread Ebola outbreak in history.
这类疾病的大爆发从蝙蝠转移到了人，在过去几十年中已经变得越发普遍。在2003 年，是非典。它首现于中国动物市场，并肆虐全球。那病毒，就像是秘鲁的那个一样，最终被追溯到蝙蝠，它们可能已经藏匿该病毒长达几百年，却从未被发现。10 年后，我们看到埃博拉出现在西非，这震惊了所有人，因为根据当时的科学表明，埃博拉不应该出现在西非。但它却导致了史上传播最广，规模最大的埃博拉病毒爆发。
01:50
So there's a disturbing trend here, right?Deadly viruses are appearing in places where we can't really expect them, andas a global health community, we're caught on our heels. We're constantlychasing after the next viral emergency in this perpetual cycle, always tryingto extinguish epidemics after they've already started. So with new diseasesappearing every year, now is really the time that we need to start thinkingabout what we can do about it. If we just wait for the next Ebola to happen, wemight not be so lucky next time. We might face a different virus, one that'smore deadly, one that spreads better among people, or maybe one that justcompletely outwits our vaccines, leaving us defenseless.
这是一个令人不安的趋势，对吧？致命的病毒正出现于我们无法真正预期的地方。而作为全球健康社区，我们一直在忙于应对。我们一直在追逐下一个病毒带来的紧急情况，总是在疫情已经开始蔓延后，努力消灭它们。随着每年新疾病的出现，现在，真的是需要开始思考我们能为之做什么的时候了。如果我们仅仅等着下一个埃博拉的出现，那时，我们可能就不会这么幸运了。我们可能面对着一个不同的病毒，一个更加致命的病毒，一个人类间传播能力更强的病毒，或可能是效力完全胜于疫苗，让我们束手无策的病毒。
02:32
So can we anticipate pandemics? Can we stopthem? Those are really hard questions to answer, and the reason is that thepandemics -- the ones that spread globally, the ones that we really want toanticipate -- they're actually really rare events. And for us as a species thatis a good thing -- that's why we're all here. But from a scientific standpoint,it's a little bit of a problem. That's because if something happens just onceor twice, that's really not enough to find any patterns. Patterns that couldtell us when or where the next pandemic might strike. So what do we do? Well, Ithink one of the solutions we may have is to study some viruses that routinelyjump from wild animals into people, or into our pets, or our livestock, even ifthey're not the same viruses that we think are going to cause pandemics. If wecan use those everyday killer viruses to work out some of the patterns of whatdrives that initial, crucial jump from one species to the next, and,potentially, how we might stop it, then we're going to end up better preparedfor those viruses that jump between species more rarely but pose a greaterthreat of pandemics.
那么我们可以预测疾病大流行吗？我们能够阻止它们吗？这些是非常难以回答的问题，而其中的原因是大流行——那些传播于全球的流行病，那些我们非常想要去预测的流行病——它们实际上是罕见事件。对于我们，作为一个物种，是一件好事——这就是为何我们都在这里。但从科学角度来看，这是有一些问题的。因为一件事如果只发生一两次，那就真的不足以发现任何规律，可以告诉我们何时或何地下一场流行病毒可能发生的规律。那么我们该怎么做？我认为其中一个解决方案就是，我们可能可以研究一些常规性从野生动物传播到人身上的病毒，或到我们宠物、牲畜的病毒，即使它们和我们认为造成大流行的病毒不同，如果我们可以利用那些日常杀手病毒来找到一些规律，例如是什么驱动了最初的病毒的物种间转移，以及，我们可能如何阻止转移的发生，这样为应对未来更小概率的物种间转移，但对大流行造成更大威胁的病毒，我们将做出更加充分的准备。
03:45
Now, rabies, as terrible as it is, turnsout to be a pretty nice virus in this case. You see, rabies is a scary, deadlyvirus. It has 100 percent fatality. That means if you get infected with rabiesand you don't get treated early, there's nothing that can be done. There is nocure. You will die. And rabies is not just a problem of the past either. Eventoday, rabies still kills 50 to 60,000 people every year. Just put that numberin some perspective. Imagine the whole West African Ebola outbreak -- abouttwo-and-a-half years; you condense all the people that died in that outbreakinto just a single year. That's pretty bad. But then, you multiply it by four,and that's what happens with rabies every single year.
然而如此可怕的狂犬病毒，事实证明已经是比较“友善”的了。大家都知道，狂犬病毒多么令人闻声色变，它是致命的，且具有百分百的死亡率。这意味着如果你被它感染，而且没尽早接受治疗，那你就会走投无路。无药可治，你必死无疑。此外，狂犬病毒不仅是一个历史问题。甚至在今天，该病毒每年仍能杀死5 - 6万人。换个角度看看这个数字。想象整个西非的埃博拉疫情爆发——持续了大约 2 年至 2 年半，把所有在疫情爆发中死亡的人数压缩到一年。这听起来蛮糟糕的。但你再把这数字乘以 4，就是每一年狂犬病疫情的情况。
04:36
So what sets rabies apart from a virus likeEbola is that when people get it, they tend not to spread it onward. That meansthat every single time a person gets rabies, it's because they were bitten by arabid animal, and usually, that's a dog or a bat. But it also means that thosejumps between species, which are so important to understand, but so rare formost viruses, for rabies, they're actually happening by the thousands. So in away, rabies is almost like the fruit fly or the lab mouse of deadly viruses.This is a virus that we can use and study to find patterns and potentially testout new solutions. And so, when I first heard about that outbreak of rabies inthe Peruvian Amazon, it struck me as something potentially powerful becausethis was a virus that was jumping from bats into other animals often enoughthat we might be able to anticipate it ... Maybe even stop it.
让狂犬病毒有别于埃博拉病毒的是，当人们被病毒感染时，往往不会继续传播给其他人。这意味着每次当一个人接触到狂犬病病毒，都是因为他们被携带狂犬病的动物咬了，通常是狗或蝙蝠。但这也意味着我们对于那些物种间传播的病毒的理解认知是如此重要，但对大部分病毒来说却又如此罕见。然而对狂犬病毒来说，物种间传播是非常频繁的。所以从某种程度上，狂犬病毒就好比果蝇，或是携带致命病毒的实验室老鼠。这是一种我们可以用来研究以找寻规律的病毒，有可能帮助我们找到新的解决方案。所以，当我第一次听到秘鲁亚马逊的狂犬病大爆发，我惊讶于这潜在的、如此强大的威力，因为这是个能够从蝙蝠转移到其它动物身上的病毒，通常我们可能足以预见它……甚至可能阻止它。
05:34
So as a first-year graduate student with avague memory of my high school Spanish class, I jumped onto a plane and flewoff to Peru, looking for vampire bats. And the first couple of years of thisproject were really tough. I had no shortage of ambitious plans to rid LatinAmerica of rabies, but at the same time, there seemed to be an equally endlesssupply of mudslides and flat tires, power outages, stomach bugs all stoppingme. But that was kind of par for the course, working in South America, and tome, it was part of the adventure. But what kept me going was the knowledge thatfor the first time, the work that I was doing might actually have some realimpact on people's lives in the short term. And that struck me the most when weactually went out to the Amazon and were trying to catch vampire bats. You see,all we had to do was show up at a village and ask around. "Who's beengetting bitten by a bat lately?" And people raised their hands, because inthese communities, getting bitten by a bat is an everyday occurrence, happensevery day. And so all we had to do was go to the right house, open up a net andshow up at night, and wait until the bats tried to fly in and feed on humanblood. So to me, seeing a child with a bite wound on his head or blood stainson his sheets, that was more than enough motivation to get past whateverlogistical or physical headache I happened to be feeling on that day.
因此，作为一个研一学生，带着自己模糊的高中西语课记忆，我跳上了飞机，飞往秘鲁，寻找吸血蝠。这个项目的最初几年真的很艰难。我不乏消灭拉丁美洲狂犬病毒的雄心壮志，但与此同时，我还不断遇到无止尽的泥石流和爆胎，停电以及胃病，都在阻碍我的进程。但这在南美洲都是意料之中的，与我而言，也是探险的一部分。让我坚持下去的是第一次知道 自己手头的工作也许确实能 在短期对人们的生活产生实际影响。令我最震惊的是，我们真正步入亚马逊并亲自尝试着抓捕吸血蝠。我们要做的就是去往村庄，四处询问。“谁最近被蝙蝠咬了？”之后人们举起他们的手，因为在这个社区，被蝙蝠咬是家常便饭，每天都在发生。所以我们要做的是去正确的家庭，布网，夜间拜访，并等待蝙蝠前来准备吸人血。对我而言，看着一个孩子头被咬伤，或他床单上的血迹，就是能让我忘却任何路途困难与身体不适的动力，继续工作。那天碰巧是这样。
07:03
Since we were working all night long,though, I had plenty of time to think about how I might actually solve thisproblem, and it stood out to me that there were two burning questions. Thefirst was that we know that people are bitten all the time, but rabiesoutbreaks aren't happening all the time -- every couple of years, maybe evenevery decade, you get a rabies outbreak. So if we could somehow anticipate whenand where the next outbreak would be, that would be a real opportunity, meaningwe could vacte people ahead of time, before anybody starts dying. But theother side of that coin is that vaction is really just a Band-Aid. It'skind of a strategy of damage control. Of course it's lifesaving and importantand we have to do it, but at the end of the day, no matter how many cows, howmany people we vacte, we're still going to have exactly the same amount ofrabies up there in the bats. The actual risk of getting bitten hasn't changedat all. So my second question was this: Could we somehow cut the virus off atits source? If we could somehow reduce the amount of rabies in the batsthemselves, then that would be a real game changer.
尽管我们经常整夜都在工作，我仍然会抽时间思考要如何解决这个问题，然而在我看来，尚有两个亟待解决的问题。第一个是我们知道人们总是被咬，但是狂犬病并非总是爆发——每隔几年，甚至可能每隔十年，爆发一次。因此，如果我们能够预测下一次爆发的时间地点，那将会是一个极佳的机会，意味着我们可以在任何人受到疫情折磨前，给大家注射疫苗。但是同时，疫苗是否只能充当一张创可贴，作为一种控制伤害的策略。当然，这能挽救生命，也很重要，我们要做这件事，但归根结底，不论我们给多少头牛、多少个人接种疫苗，蝙蝠身上始终将携带同样数量的狂犬病毒。被蝙蝠咬伤的实际风险并没有任何改变。所以，我的第二个问题就是：我们能否从源头消灭这些病毒？如果我们多少能降低蝙蝠自身携带狂犬病毒的数量，这将会真正逆转现状。
08:05
We'd been talking about shifting from astrategy of damage control to one based on prevention. So, how do we begin todo that? Well, the first thing we needed to understand was how this virusactually works in its natural host -- in the bats. And that is a tall order forany infectious disease, particularly one in a reclusive species like bats, butwe had to start somewhere. So the way we started was looking at some historicaldata. When and where had these outbreaks happened in the past? And it becameclear that rabies was a virus that just had to be on the move. It couldn't sitstill. The virus might circulate in one area for a year, maybe two, but unlessit found a new group of bats to infect somewhere else, it was pretty much boundto go extinct. So with that, we solved one key part of the rabies transmissionchallenge. We knew we were dealing with a virus on the move, but we stillcouldn't say where it was going.
我们一直在说要从伤害控制转变成预防的策略。那么，我们如何开始做这件事？第一件我们需要了解这个病毒是如何 在它的天然宿主—— 即蝙蝠体内生存的。这对于任何传染病来说 都是一项艰巨的任务，尤其是对于蝙蝠这样的隐居物种，但我们必须找到入手点。于是我们最先查看了一些历史数据：这些大爆发曾经发生在何时何地？我们也逐渐明确了狂犬病毒必须要 不断转移宿主，它们无法保持不动。病毒可能在一个地区 传播一年，或两年，除非它能找到新蝙蝠群，传播到别的地方，否则就会自然灭绝。根据这点，我们解决了一个狂犬病毒传播挑战的关键部分。我们知道我们在与不断转移的病毒打交道，但我们仍旧不知道它会传播到哪里去。
09:02
Essentially, what I wanted was more of aGoogle Maps-style prediction, which is, "What's the destination of thevirus? What's the route it's going to take to get there? How fast will itmove?" To do that, I turned to the genomes of rabies. You see, rabies,like many other viruses, has a tiny little genome, but one that evolves really,really quickly. So quickly that by the time the virus has moved from one pointto the next, it's going to have picked up a couple of new mutations. And so allwe have to do is kind of connect the dots across an evolutionary tree, andthat's going to tell us where the virus has been in the past and how it spreadacross the landscape. So, I went out and I collected cow brains, because that'swhere you get rabies viruses. And from genome sequences that we got from theviruses in those cow brains, I was able to work out that this is a virus thatspreads between 10 and 20 miles each year.
我想要一个类似谷歌地图的预测图，能告诉我“病毒的目的地在哪里？它们去目的地的路径是什么？速度有多快？” 于是我转去研究狂犬病毒基因组。狂犬病毒和许多其他病毒一样，有一个很小的基因组，但是它进化得非常非常快。快到在病毒从一个地点转移到另一个的时候，它就会经历几次新突变。因此，我们要做的就是连结那些进化树上的点，这会告诉我们这个病毒曾经去过哪里，又是如何传播的。所以我出门收集了牛脑，因为这是你能找到狂犬病毒的地方。从牛脑病毒中获取的基因序列中，我发现这是一个每年能够传播 10-20 英里的病毒。
09:57
OK, so that means we do now have the speedlimit of the virus, but still missing that other key part of where is it goingin the first place. For that, I needed to think a little bit more like a bat,because rabies is a virus -- it doesn't move by itself, it has to be movedaround by its bat host, so I needed to think about how far to fly and how oftento fly. My imagination didn't get me all that far with this and neither didlittle digital trackers that we first tried putting on bats. We just couldn'tget the information we needed. So instead, we turned to the mating patterns ofbats. We could look at certain parts of the bat genome, and they were tellingus that some groups of bats were mating with each other and others were moreisolated. And the virus was basically following the trail laid out by the batgenomes. Yet one of those trails stood out as being a little bit surprising --hard to believe. That was one that seemed to cross straight over the PeruvianAndes, crossing from the Amazon to the Pacific coast, and that was kind of hardto believe, as I said, because the Andes are really tall -- about 22,000 feet,and that's way too high for a vampire to fly. Yet --
所以这说明我们现在有了病毒的传播限速，但依旧缺失其他关键部分，例如它们首先向什么地方传播。要解决这个问题，我需要用蝙蝠的思维来思考，因为狂犬病毒是一个病毒——不依靠自身传播，必须围绕在蝙蝠宿主身边，所以我需要思考这个病毒传播的距离和频率。我的想象力不够回答这些问题，我们第一次尝试安装在蝙蝠上的小型数字追踪器也没有答案。我们就是无法获取所需信息。于是，我们转向蝙蝠交配模式的研究。我们观察蝙蝠基因组的特定片段，知道了有些蝙蝠群会相互交配，但是有的比较孤立。狂犬病毒基本上遵循了蝙蝠基因组的踪迹。但其中的一个踪迹与众不同，令人惊讶且难以置信。那个踪迹似乎径直跨越了秘鲁安第斯山脉，从亚马逊穿越到太平洋海岸，这就是我说的难以置信，因为安第斯山脉海拔很高——大约6700米，是吸血蝠几乎不可能飞越的高度。但是——
11:10
（Laughter）
（笑声）
11:11
when we looked more closely, we saw, in thenorthern part of Peru, a network of valley systems that was not quite too tallfor the bats on either side to be mating with each other. And we looked alittle bit more closely -- sure enough, there's rabies spreading through thosevalleys, just about 10 miles each year. Basically, exactly as our evolutionarymodels had predicated it would be.
当我们仔细观察后，我们看到对于河岸两边想要互相交配的蝙蝠来说，秘鲁北部的一系列峡谷流域海拔还不算太高。我们又观察得更加仔细了一点——没错，所有那些流域都有狂犬病毒的传播，每年 10 英里。基本上正如我们的进化模型预测的那样。
11:31
What I didn't tell you is that that'sactually kind of an important thing because rabies had never been seen beforeon the western slopes of the Andes, or on the whole Pacific coast of SouthAmerica, so we were actually witnessing, in real time, a historical firstinvasion into a pretty big part of South America, which raises the keyquestion: "What are we going to do about that?"
我没有告诉你们的是这件事的重要性，因为狂犬病从未在安第斯山脉的西坡出现，或是整个南非的太平洋海岸，所以我们实际上在亲眼目睹一场实时的，历史首现的入侵，对相当大面积南美洲的入侵。这就引出了一个关键问题：“我们应该做什么来应对入侵？”
11:52
Well, the obvious short-term thing we cando is tell people: you need to vacte yourselves, vacte your animals;rabies is coming. But in the longer term, it would be even more powerful if wecould use that new information to stop the virus from arriving altogether. Ofcourse, we can't just tell bats, "Don't fly today," but maybe wecould stop the virus from hitching a ride along with the bat.
我们在短期明确可以做的就是告诉大家： 你需要给自己接种疫苗，以及你的宠物也是，狂犬病毒马上要传播到这里了。但是长远来说，如果能够利用新的研究成果来阻止病毒入侵，这会使我们变得更加强大。当然，我们不能和蝙蝠说：“今天不要飞。”但我们或许可以阻止病毒在蝙蝠身上的搭便车行为。
12:17
And that brings us to the key lesson thatwe have learned from rabies-management programs all around the world, whetherit's dogs, foxes, skunks, raccoons, North America, Africa, Europe. It's thatvacting the animal source is the only thing that stops rabies.
我们从全球狂犬病毒管理项目中所学到的最重要的一堂课，就是不论狗、狐狸、臭鼬还是浣熊，在北美，非洲还是欧洲，动物源的疫苗接种都是唯一能够消除狂犬病毒的方法。
12:34
So, can we vacte bats? You hear aboutvacting dogs and cats all the time, but you don't hear too much aboutvacting bats. It might sound like a crazy question, but the good news isthat we actually already have edible rabies vaccines that are speciallydesigned for bats. And what's even better is that these vaccines can actuallyspread from bat to bat. All you have to do is smear it on one and let the bats'habit of grooming each other take care of the rest of the work for you. So thatmeans, at the very least, we don't have to be out there vacting millions ofbats one by one with tiny little syringes.
那么，我们能给蝙蝠接种疫苗吗？你们都听说过给猫狗接种疫苗，但是肯定没怎么听过给蝙蝠接种疫苗。这问题可能听起来有点疯狂，但有一个好消息，我们已经有专门为蝙蝠设计的可食用狂犬病疫苗。更妙的是，这些疫苗可以阻止病毒在蝙蝠间传播。你所要做的就是将疫苗涂抹在一只蝙蝠上，之后让它们相互梳理绒毛的习惯帮助你完成剩下的工作。所以这意味着，至少我们不需要用小小的注射器去外面把上百万只蝙蝠一只只抓来接种疫苗。
13:15
（Laughter）
（笑声）
13:16
But just because we have that tool doesn'tmean we know how to use it. Now we have a whole laundry list of questions. Howmany bats do we need to vacte? What time of the year do we need to bevacting? How many times a year do we need to be vacting? All of theseare questions that are really fundamental to rolling out any sort ofvaction campaign, but they're questions that we can't answer in thelaboratory. So instead, we're taking a slightly more colorful approach. We'reusing real wild bats, but fake vaccines. We use edible gels that make bat hairglow and UV powders that spread between bats when they bump into each other,and that's letting us study how well a real vaccine might spread in these wildcolonies of bats. We're still in the earliest phases of this work, but ourresults so far are incredibly encouraging. They're suggesting that using thevaccines that we already have, we could potentially drastically reduce the sizeof rabies outbreaks. And that matters, because as you remember, rabies is avirus that always has to be on the move, and so every time we reduce the sizeof an outbreak, we're also reducing the chance that the virus makes it onto thenext colony. We're breaking a link in the chain of transmission. And so everytime we do that, we're bringing the virus one step closer to extinction. And sothe thought, for me, of a world in the not-too-distant future where we'reactually talking about getting rid of rabies altogether, that is incrediblyencouraging and exciting.
但工具的存在并不代表我们知道如何使用它。现在我们有一箩筐的问题。我们需要给多少蝙蝠接种疫苗？一年中的什么时候，我们需要开始接种？一年总共需要接种几次？所有的这些问题都是开展任何预防接种运动最基本的问题，但这些恰恰是我们在实验室中无法解答的问题。于是，我们正在尝试一个稍许更加有趣的方法。使用真正的野生蝙蝠，但接种的是假疫苗。我们用可食用凝胶使蝙蝠毛发发光，以及蝙蝠在彼此碰撞时能得以传播的紫外光粉末，这使我们能够研究真正的疫苗在这些野生蝙蝠群体中的潜在的传播有效性。我们依旧处于这个项目的初期阶段，可至今我们的成果非常鼓舞人心。结果表明，使用我们已经拥有的疫苗，很有可能可以极大地缩减狂犬病爆发的规模。这很重要，因为就如刚才所说，狂犬病毒是一种经常需要变换宿主的病毒，所以我们每一次对爆发规模的削弱，都在降低病毒入侵下一个种群的可能性，都在打破传播链的一个环节。因此每一次，我们都让该病毒距离灭亡更进一步。不远的将来，世界将会永远免于任何狂犬病毒侵扰的想法，对我来说是极其鼓舞人心且令人激动的。
14:42
So let me return to the original question.Can we prevent pandemics? Well, there is no silver-bullet solution to thisproblem, but my experiences with rabies have left me pretty optimistic aboutit. I think we're not too far from a future where we're going to have genomicsto forecast outbreaks and we're going to have clever new technologies, likeedible, self-spreading vaccines, that can get rid of these viruses at theirsource before they have a chance to jump into people.
那么让我回到最初的问题。我们能够预防疾病大流行吗？这个问题没有彻底且完美的解决方案，但是我对于狂犬病毒的经验让我对这个问题持乐观态度。我认为我们离那个未来不是太远，一个利用基因组学预测疫情爆发和拥有智能新技术的未来，例如可食用，可自行传播的疫苗，能够在这些病毒有机会传播到人类前从根源消灭它们的疫苗。
15:11
So when it comes to fighting pandemics, theholy grail is just to get one step ahead. And if you ask me, I think one of theways that we can do that is using some of the problems that we already havenow, like rabies -- sort of the way an astronaut might use a flight simulator,figuring out what works and what doesn't, and building up our tool set so thatwhen the stakes are high, we're not flying blind.
所以当说到对抗疾病大流行，我们离胜利也就一步之遥。如果你问我，我认为其中一个能实现这一目标的方法就是，利用一些现在我们已经知道的问题，比如狂犬病毒——好比宇航员会用飞行模拟器，来摸索什么能起作用，而什么不行，并且构建我们自己的工具集，这样当我们面临危难时，我们不会盲目飞行。
15:33
Thank you.
谢谢。
15:34
（Applause）
掌声。
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