演讲MP3+双语文稿:你的肠道的科学魅力令人惊讶
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:你的肠道的科学魅力令人惊讶，希望你会喜欢！
[演讲者及介绍]Giulia Enders
博士，作家朱利亚·恩德斯正在努力揭示我们的肠道是如何成为我们的核心的。
[演讲主题]你的肠道的科学魅力令人惊讶
[中英文字幕]
翻译者 Yan Chen 校对者 Yu Xie
00:13
A few years ago, I always had this thinghappening to me, especially at family gatherings like teas with aunts anduncles or something like this. When people come up to you, and they ask you,"So, what are you doing?" And I would have this magical one-wordreply, which would make everybody happy: "Medicine. I'm going to be adoctor." Very easy, that's it, everybody's happy and pleased. And it couldbe so easy, but this effect really only lasts for 30 seconds with me, becausethat's then the time when one of them would ask, "So, in what area ofmedicine? What specialty do you want to go into?" And then I would have tostrip down in all honesty and just say, "OK, so I'm fasted with thecolon. It all started with the anus, and now it's basically the whole intestinaltract."
几年前，我总是会面临这样的场景，特别是在家庭聚会的时候，比如说跟叔叔阿姨们一起喝茶。他们走到你身边，然后问你，“你最近在干嘛呢？”而我会用一个能使每个人都高兴的充满魔力的词回答：“学医。我将要成为一名医生。”非常容易，每个人也都很高兴。它要是这么容易就好了，但是这种效果对我来说只会持续30秒。因为之后有的人会问，“那么，你想进入哪个医学领域？哪个专业呢？”然后我就会实话实说，“我很痴迷于结肠。一切都是从肛门开始的，现在基本上是整个肠道。”
01:06
（Laughter）
（笑声）
01:08
And this would be the moment when theenthusiasm trickled, and it would maybe also get, like, awkwardly silent in theroom, and I would think this was terribly sad, because I do believe our bowelsare quite charming.
然后这一刻热烈的气氛冷了下来，可能房间里也变成了尴尬的沉默，而我觉得这是很令人难过的，因为我相信我们的内脏是很迷人的。
01:22
（Laughter）
（笑声）
01:23
And while we're in a time where many peopleare thinking about what new superfood smoothie to make or if gluten is maybebad for them, actually, hardly anyone seems to care about the organ where thishappens, the concrete anatomy and the mechanisms behind it. And sometimes itseems to me like we're all trying to figure out this magic trick, but nobody'schecking out the magician, just because he has, like, an embarrassing hairstyleor something. And actually, there are reasons science disliked the gut for along time; I have to say this.
我们所处的时代，有很多人在考虑哪种超级食品容易消化，或者麸质是否有损他们的健康，但事实上，很少有人去关心消化过程所发生的器官，以及它具体的解剖结构和背后的机制。有时在我看来，我们都在试图去揭秘魔术，但是没有人检查魔术师，可能仅仅因为他有，比如说一个难看的发型或者什么的。而事实上，长久以来，科学家都不怎么青睐肠道，我必须得说出来。
01:59
So, it's complex. There's a lot of surfacearea -- about 40 times the area of our skin. Then, in such a tight pipe, thereare so many immune cells that are being trained there. We have 100 trillion bacteriadoing all sorts of things -- producing little molecules. Then there's about 20different hormones, so we are on a very different level than our genitals, forexample. And the nervous system of our gut is so complex that when we cut out apiece, it's independent enough that when we poke it, it mumbles back at us,friendly.
因为它太复杂了，它的表面积很大——是我们皮肤表面积的40倍。在这么一根紧密的管道里，有很多的免疫细胞在生长发育，我们有一百万亿的细菌在里面从事各种活动——产生小分子，然后大概还有20种不同的激素分子，举例来说，肠道跟生殖器的复杂程度不在同一个层级上。我们肠道上的神经系统也很复杂，如果我们切出一小块，它能够独立到当我们戳它的时候，对我们友好地咕哝一下。
02:29
（Laughter）
（笑声）
02:32
But at least those reasons are also thereasons why it's so fasting and important.
但至少这些也是让它如此迷人和重要的理由。
02:39
It took me three steps to love the gut. Sotoday, I invite you to follow me on those three steps. The very first was justlooking at it and asking questions like, "How does it work?" and"Why does it have to look so weird for that sometimes?" And it actuallywasn't me asking the first kind of these questions, but my roommate. After oneheavy night of partying, he came into our shared-room kitchen, and he said,"Giulia, you study medicine. How does pooping work?"
我用了三个步骤就爱上了肠道。所以今天，我邀请你们跟着我的这三步走。首先，就是看着它，并且提问，比如“它是如何工作的？”以及“为什么它有时看起来这么奇怪？”事实上，这类的问题不是我首先提出来的，而是我的室友。在一天晚上的派对过后，他来到我们共用的厨房，说，“朱莉娅，你是学医的，你说说排便的工作原理是什么？”
03:13
（Laughter）
（笑声）
03:15
And I did study medicine but I had no idea,so I had to go up to my room and look it up in different books. And I foundsomething interesting, I thought, at that time. So it turns out, we don't onlyhave this outer sphincter, we also have an inner sphincter muscle. The outersphincter we all know, we can control it, we know what's going on there; theinner one, we really don't. So what happens is, when there are leftovers fromdigestion, they're being delivered to the inner one first. This inner one willopen in a reflex and let through a little bit for testing.
我的确是学医的，但这个我还真不知道，因此我回到自己的房间, 从不同的书上去找答案。然后我找到一些在当时觉得很有趣的东西。结果是，我们不仅有外括约肌，我们还有内括约肌。我们都知道外括约肌，我们能控制它，我们知道那里发生了什么，而内括约肌，我们就不怎么了解了。所以事情是这样的，当有消化后的残渣产生时，它们首先会被送到内括约肌，内括约肌会在反射作用下打开，然后测试性地让它们一点点地通过。
03:46
（Laughter）
（笑声）
03:48
So, there are sensory cells that willanalyze what has been delivered: Is it gaseous or is it solid? And they willthen send this information up to our brain, and this is the moment when ourbrain knows, "Oh, I have to go to the toilet."
这里有感觉细胞，会分析送过来的是什么：是气体还是固体？然后它们会向大脑反馈信息，我们的大脑就会知道“哦，我要去上厕所了。”
04:03
（Laughter）
（笑声）
04:06
The brain will then do what it's designedto do with its amazing consciousness. It will mediate with our surroundings,and it will say something like, "So, I checked. We are at this TEDxconference -- "
然后大脑会用它神奇的意识去完成它的本职工作。它会结合我们周围的环境进行调和，它可能会这样说，“我已经检查过了，我们正在TEDx大会上——“
04:18
（Laughter）
（笑声）
04:23
（Applause）
（掌声）
04:25
Gaseous? Maybe, if you're sitting on thesides, and you know you can pull it off silently.
肚子里有气体？也许，如果你坐在靠边的位置，你知道你可以默默地放掉它。
04:32
（Laughter）
（笑声）
04:34
But solid -- maybe later.
但是肚子里有固体——可能要等会儿。
04:36
（Laughter） Since our outer sphincter andthe brain is connected with nervous cells, they coordinate, cooperate, and theyput it back in a waiting line --
（笑声）由于我们的外括约肌跟大脑是由神经细胞连接在一起的，它们互相协调、合作，于是就会把残渣放回到等候线。
04:47
（Laughter）
（笑声）
04:50
for other times, like, for example, whenwe're at home sitting on the couch, we have nothing better to do, we are freeto go.
其它的时候，比如说，当我们在家里坐在沙发上时，我们没有其它更要紧的事去做，我们可以自由地去洗手间。
04:57
（Laughter）
（笑声）
05:01
Us humans are actually one of the very fewanimals that do this in such an advanced and clean way. To be honest, I hadsome newfound respect for that nice, inner sphincter dude -- not connected tonerves that care too much about the outer world or the time -- just caringabout me for once. I thought that was nice. And I used to not be a great fan ofpublic restrooms, but now I can go anywhere, because I consider it more whenthat inner muscle puts a suggestion on my daily agenda.
我们人类是很少的几种用这种先进的、干净的方式排便的动物之一。说实话，我有过一些出于对这个友好的内括约肌兄弟的新发现——没有跟那些太过关注外部世界 和时间的神经相连—— 就仅仅关心我本身。我想这一点很好。我曾经不习惯使用公共厕所，但是现在我去哪里都行了，因为我现在考虑更多的是内括约肌为我的日程安排提供的建议。
05:34
（Laughter）
（笑声）
05:36
And also I learned something else, whichwas: looking closely at something I might have shied away from -- maybe theweirdest part of myself -- left me feeling more fearless, and also appreciatingmyself more. And I think this happens a lot of times when you look at the gut,actually. Like those funny rumbling noises that happen when you're in a groupof friends or at the office conference table, going, like, "Merrr,merrr..." This is not because we're hungry. This is because our smallintestine is actually a huge neat freak, and it takes the time in betweendigestion to clean everything up, resulting in those eight meters of gut --really, seven of them -- being very clean and hardly smelling like anything. Itwill, to achieve this, create a strong muscular wave that moves everythingforward that's been leftover after digestion. This can sometimes create asound, but doesn't necessarily have to always. So what we're embarrassed of isreally a sign of something keeping our insides fine and tidy.
我还学到了一些东西，即：密切关注那些我曾经回避的东西——也许是我自己身上最奇怪的部分——让我感到更加的无畏，并且更加的欣赏自己了。我认为这发生在很多时候，尤其是当你看着肠道的时候，它们时常发出的可笑的隆隆声，当你和一群朋友在一起或者在办公室会议桌上，会发出类似“Merrr,merrr...."的声音。这并不是因为我们饿了。这是因为我们的小肠是一个巨大但灵巧的怪物，它花费时间在消化道上将所有的东西清理干净，使得那些8米长的肠道，事实上是其中的7米左右，变得十分干净，而且很难闻到任何味道。它为了实现这一点，就创造出了一个强大的肌肉收缩，从而推动着未消化完的残余物前进。这么做有时就会产生一种声音，但是并不是总是都这样。所以，让我们感觉尴尬的其实是一个信号，表明我们身体内部正在保持和谐干净。
06:41
Or this weird, crooked shape of our stomach-- a bit Quasimodo-ish. This actually makes us be able to put pressure on ourbelly without vomiting, like when we're laughing and when we're doing sports,because the pressure will go up and not so much sideways. This also createsthis air bubble that's usually always very visible in X-rays, for example, andcan sometimes, with some people, when it gets too big, create discomfort oreven some sensations of pain. But for most of the people, is just results thatit's far easier to burp when you're laying on your left side instead of yourright.
我们的胃甚至还会变形扭曲，看起来很不舒服。这样的举动事实上使我们能够将压力堆积到腹部，不需要通过呕吐的方式，就像当我们笑的时候，当我们运动的时候，因为这些压力会上升，而不会堆积到一旁。这种方式也产生了气泡，在X光线中能够清楚地看到，而且有时，对于一些人来说，当气泡变得太大，会产生不适感，甚至一些隐隐的疼痛。但是对于大多数人来说，结果只是相对于向右侧，当你向左侧躺会更容易打嗝。
07:18
And soon I moved a bit further and startedto look at the whole picture of our body and health. This was actually after Ihad heard that someone I knew a little bit had killed himself. It happened thatI had been sitting next to that person the day before, and I smelled that hehad very bad breath. And when I learned of the suicide the next day, I thought:Could the gut have something to do with it? And I frantically started searchingif there were scientific papers on the connection of gut and brain. And to mysurprise, I found many.
不久，我又进行了更加深入的研究，我开始观察我们的身体整体的健康状况。事实上，这是我在听说某个我不是很熟的人自杀之后，而那个人前一天正坐在我旁边，我闻见他有很严重的口臭。当我第二天知道这个自杀事件时，我不禁想：肠道问题是不是跟自杀有关？于是我开始疯狂搜寻是否有科学论文 研究了肠道和大脑的联系。出乎意料的是，我找到了很多。
07:51
It turns out it's maybe not as simple as wesometimes think. We tend to think our brain makes these commands and then sendsthem down to the other organs, and they all have to listen. But really, it'smore that 10 percent of the nerves that connect brain and gut deliverinformation from the brain to the gut. We know this, for example, in stressfulsituations, when there are transmitters from the brain that are being sensed byour gut, so the gut will try to lower all the work, and not be working andtaking away blood and energy to save energy for problem-solving. This can go asfar as nervous vomiting or nervous diarrhea to get rid of food that it thendoesn't want to digest.
研究显示，事实远比我们想的要复杂得多。我们过去认为，是大脑做出那些指令，然后那些指令下传到其他器官，所有器官都需要听从。但是事实上，超过10%的连接着大脑和肠道的神经把信息从大脑传递到肠道。正如我们所知道的，比如，在压力的环境下，我们的肠道感知到大脑发出的信息。于是它放缓所有的功能，或者暂停工作，暂停血液和能量的供应，以便保存能量来解决问题。它能够运行直到由于紧张性呕吐或者腹泻而摆脱它们不想去消化的食物。
08:34
Maybe more interestingly, 90 percent of thenervous fibers that connect gut and brain deliver information from our gut toour brain. And when you think about it a little bit, it does make sense, becauseour brain is very isolated. It's in this bony skull surrounded by a thick skin,and it needs information to put together a feeling of "How am I, as awhole body, doing?" And the gut, actually, is possibly the most importantadvisor for the brain because it's our largest sensory organ, collectinginformation not only on the quality of our nutrients, but really also on howare so many of our immune cells doing, or things like the hormones in our bloodthat it can sense. And it can package this information, and send it up to thebrain. It can, there, not reach areas like visual cortex or word formations --otherwise, when we digest, we would see funny colors or we would make funnynoises -- no. But it can reach areas for things like morality, fear or emotionalprocessing or areas for self-awareness.
或许更有趣的是，90%连接肠道和大脑的神经纤维将肠道的信息传递到大脑，仔细想一想，这也说得通，因为我们的大脑是非常独立的。它在头盖骨中被薄膜包裹，它需要汇总信息来检查自身的情况，比如”我的整个身体在干什么？“而肠道事实上是大脑最重要的建议者因为它是我们身体中最大的感觉器官不仅收集我们营养物的质量信息还有收集免疫细胞的信息或者就像它能够感知到的我们血液中的激素情况于是它打包这些信息，然后把它们传到大脑这种传输不需要到达视觉皮层或者语言区域，否则，当我们消化时，我们会看见搞笑的颜色或者会发出搞笑的声音——不。但是它能到达类似道德判断，害怕或者情绪处理的区域，或者自我意识区域。
09:39
So it does make sense that when our bodyand our brain are putting together this feeling of, "How am I, as a wholebody, doing?" that the gut has something to contribute to this process.And it also makes sense that people who have conditions like irritable bowelsyndrome or inflammatory bowel disease have a higher risk of having anxiety ordepression. I think this is good information to share, because many people willthink, "I have this gut thing, and maybe I also have this mental healththing." And maybe -- because science is not clear on that right now --it's really just that the brain is feeling sympathy with their gut.
所以，它确实起了很大的作用，当我们的身体和我们的大脑将这种感觉整合在一起，即”整个身体在干什么？“时，肠道在这个过程中起到了一定的作用。这个说法也确实言之有理，那些患有肠易激综合征的人或者患有炎性肠病的人，更容易得焦虑症和抑郁症。我认为这是值得分享的信息，因为很多人都会认为”我肠道有问题，那可能我也有精神健康问题。“可能，因为在这个领域科学家们尚未研究得很清楚——也许仅仅是大脑正在慰问肠道。
10:17
This has yet to grow in evidence until itcan come to practice. But just knowing about these kinds of research that's outthere at the moment helps me in my daily life. And it makes me thinkdifferently of my moods and not externalize so much all the time. I feeloftentimes during the day we are a brain and a screen, and we will tend to lookfor answers right there and maybe the work is stupid or our neighbor -- butreally, moods can also come from within. And just knowing this helped me, forexample, when I sometimes wake up too early, and I start to worry and wanderaround with my thoughts. Then I think, "Stop. What did I eat yesterday?Did I stress myself out too much? Did I eat too late or something?" Andthen maybe get up and make myself a tea, something light to digest. And assimple as that sounds, I think it's been surprisingly good for me.
在能够用于实践之前，这仅仅是一种迹象。但是单单是了解这些研究，在那一刻为我的日常生活提供了许多帮助。它让我以不同的角度去认识情绪，也让我不再那么频繁地外化自己的情绪。我时常感觉到在一天的生活中，我们就是一个大脑或屏幕，我们试图寻找在眼前的答案，可能我们的工作很愚蠢或者我们邻居——但是，情绪也会来自于内部。了解这些确实帮助了我，举个例子，当我有时过早起床，我开始担心并且开始神游，。然后我想：”停下来，我昨天吃了什么？我是不是过度劳累了？我是不是吃得太晚了或者别的什么？“然后可能就起床给自己倒一杯茶，一些易于消化的食物。这些想法听起来很简单，但我认为对我来说效果显著。
11:10
Step three took me further away from ourbody, and to really understanding bacteria differently. The research we havetoday is creating a new definition of what real cleanliness is. And it's notthe hygiene hypothesis -- I think many maybe know this. So it states that whenyou have too little microbes in your environment because you clean all thetime, that's not really a good thing, because people get more allergies orautoimmune diseases then. So I knew this hypothesis, and I thought I wouldn'tlearn so much from looking at cleanliness in the gut. But I was wrong.
第三步让我更深入地了解了我的身体，真正地改变了对细菌的理解。如今的研究创造了一个新的定义，关于真正的清洁是什么。它不是卫生假说——我知道很多人可能了解这个。它说的是，当你处于一个无菌环境中时，由于你总是很爱干净，那并不是一件很好的事情，因为这样会使人们得上更多的过敏症或者自身免疫疾病。所以我知道这个假设后，我认为自己观察肠道清洁时，不会有什么收获。但是我错了。
11:49
It turns out, real cleanliness is not aboutkilling off bacteria right away. Real cleanliness is a bit different. When welook at the facts, 95 percent of all bacteria on this planet don't harm us --they can't, they don't have the genes to do so. Many, actually, help us a lot,and scientists at the moment are looking into things like: Do some bacteriahelp us clean the gut? Do they help us digest? Do they make us put on weight orhave a lean figure although we're eating lots? Are others making us feel morecourageous or even more resilient to stress? So you see, there are morequestions when it comes to cleanliness. And, actually, the thing is, it's abouta healthy balance, I think. You can't avoid the bad all the time. This issimply not possible; there's always something bad around. So what really thewhole deal is when you look at a clean gut, it's about having good bacteria,enough of them, and then some bad. Our immune system needs the bad, too, so itknows what it's looking out for.
结果表明，真正的清洁并不是立马消除细菌。真正的清洁是不同的。当我们看到事实，在这个星球的95%的细菌并不会伤害我们——它们没有相应的基因去做这些事。事实上，其中很多细菌还会帮助我们，科学家在这个时候开始调查类似于：”一些细菌能否帮助我们清理肠道？“”它们能否帮助我们消化？“”它们能否帮助我们增重或保持线条，即使我们吃了很多？“”其他细菌能否让我们变得更加勇敢，或者甚至适应压力？“所以你看，当涉及到清洁时，有太多的问题会产生。事实上，我认为真相就是保持一个健康的平衡。你不能一直避免不好的事物，这几乎是不可能的，我们身边总是会有不好的东西。所以真正统筹全局的处理就是，当你观察干净的肠道时，有足够的有益细菌，也有一些不好的细菌。我们的免疫系统也需要不好的细菌，这样它就知道该留心什么。
12:54
So I started having this differentperspective on cleanliness and a few weeks later, I held a talk at myuniversity, and I made a mistake by 1,000. And I went home and I realized inthat moment, I was like, "Ah! I made a mistake by 1,000. Oh God, that's somuch, and that's so embarrassing." And I started to think about this, Iwas like, "Ugh!" And after a while I said, "OK, I made this onemistake, but then I also told so many good and right and helpful things, so Ithink it's OK, you know? It's a clean thing." And then I was like,"Oh, wait. Maybe I took my perspective on cleanliness further." Andit's my theory at the moment that maybe we all do. Take it a bit further thanjust cleaning our living room, where maybe we make it to sort like a lifehygiene. Knowing that this is about fostering the good just as much as tryingto shelter yourself from the bad had a very calming effect on me.
所以我开始有了一个不同的关于干净的观点，在几周之后，我在大学做了一次演讲，我在1000位听众前犯了个错误。当我回到家，我意识到了这个错误，不禁想：”啊！我在1000人面前犯了错。我的天，这么多人，太尴尬了。”我不停地懊悔和感叹，过了一会儿我说，”好吧，我的确犯了一个错误，但是我也说了很多正确的，有帮助的东西，应该没关系的，是可以接受的。”然后我又想“哦，等一下。也许我关于干净的理论更升华了。”这就是我当时的理论。将这个概念带入到比打扫房间更广大的领域，可能就是一次生命的卫生。了解到这是在培育一种善，就像你尽量避开糟糕的事一样，就会让我平静下来。
13:49
So in that sense, I hope today I told youmostly good and helpful things, and thank you for your time, for listening tome.
从这层意义上说，我希望今天我告诉了你们很多有帮助的东西，也很感谢你们能够抽出时间来听我的演讲。
13:57
（Applause）
（掌声）
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