演讲MP3+双语文稿:人类的崛起之路
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:人类的崛起之路，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Yuval Noah Harari
历史学家、作家乌瓦尔·诺亚·哈拉利探索了塑造21世纪的梦想和噩梦——从战胜死亡到创造人造生命。他描绘了未来，并提出了一些根本性的问题：我们从这里走向何方？我们将如何保护这个脆弱的世界不受我们自己的破坏性力量的影响？
【演讲主题】是什么解释了人类的崛起？
【中英文字幕】
翻译者 Coco Shen 校对者 Sanqiang Xiao
00:01
Seventy-thousand years ago, our ancestorswere insignificant animals. The most important thing to know about prehistorichumans is that they were unimportant. Their impact on the world was not muchgreater than that of jellyfish or fireflies or woodpeckers. Today, in contrast,we control this planet. And the question is: How did we come from there tohere? How did we turn ourselves from insignificant apes, minding their ownbusiness in a corner of Africa, into the rulers of planet Earth?
七万年前，我们的先祖不过是各种动物中的一种。当你想到原人时，最重要的是他们有多不重要。他们对世界的影响力，和水母、萤火虫、啄木鸟差别不大。今天,相反地，我们变成地球的霸主。所以问题是：我们是怎么走到这一步的？我们是如何从毫不起眼的人猿，在非洲的角落自生自灭，摇身一变成为地球霸主的？
00:39
Usually, we look for the difference betweenus and all the other animals on the individual level. We want to believe -- Iwant to believe -- that there is something special about me, about my body,about my brain, that makes me so superior to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.But the truth is that, on the individual level, I'm embarrassingly similar to achimpanzee. And if you take me and a chimpanzee and put us together on somelonely island, and we had to struggle for survival to see who survives better,I would definitely place my bet on the chimpanzee, not on myself. And this isnot something wrong with me personally. I guess if they took almost any one ofyou, and placed you alone with a chimpanzee on some island, the chimpanzeewould do much better.
通常我们会在个体差异上，检视我们与其它动物的差别，我们想要相信－ 我想要相信，我有些特别的地方 我的身体，我的大脑，让我比狗、猪，或是黑猩猩更高级。但事实是，就个体差异来说，我和黑猩猩尴尬地相似。如果你把我和一头黑猩猩放在孤岛上，看我们之间谁能生存的更好，我会赌是黑猩猩，而不是我。这不是我个人的错，我想如果有人把你们其中任何人，和一头黑猩猩一起放在孤岛上，黑猩猩绝对会生存的更好。
01:38
The real difference between humans and allother animals is not on the individual level; it's on the collective level. Humanscontrol the planet because they are the only animals that can cooperate bothflexibly and in very large numbers. Now, there are other animals -- like thesocial insects, the bees, the ants -- that can cooperate in large numbers, butthey don't do so flexibly. Their cooperation is very rigid. There is basicallyjust one way in which a beehive can function. And if there's a new opportunityor a new danger, the bees cannot reinvent the social system overnight. Theycannot, for example, execute the queen and establish a republic of bees, or acommunist dictatorship of worker bees.
真正让人类与其它动物分别开来的特质不是个体的，而是群体的。人类控制地球是因为我们是唯一可以大规模灵活合作的动物。其它动物，那些社会性昆虫，蜜蜂、蚂蚁，它们也可以大规模地合作，但没有像我们这么灵活。它们的合作方式是固定的。蜂巢总是用同一种方式运作。就算遇见新的机会或威胁，蜜蜂也无法在一夜之间创造一种社会制度，比如说，它们无法处死蜂后，建立蜜蜂共和国，工蜂也不能组成共产政权。
02:32
Other animals, like the social mammals --the wolves, the elephants, the dolphins, the chimpanzees -- they can cooperatemuch more flexibly, but they do so only in small numbers, because cooperationamong chimpanzees is based on intimate knowledge, one of the other. I'm achimpanzee and you're a chimpanzee, and I want to cooperate with you. I need toknow you personally. What kind of chimpanzee are you? Are you a nicechimpanzee? Are you an evil chimpanzee? Are you trustworthy? If I don't knowyou, how can I cooperate with you?
其它群居的哺乳类动物，像是狼、大象、海豚、黑猩猩－ 它们的合作更灵活，但规模有限，因为黑猩猩合作的基础是 对彼此的亲密的认知。要是你我都是黑猩猩，我想和你合作，我会需要先认识你。你是哪种黑猩猩？善良的黑猩猩？ 还是邪恶的黑猩猩？ 你可靠吗？ 如果我不认识你，我们怎么合作？
03:09
The only animal that can combine the twoabilities together and cooperate both flexibly and still do so in very largenumbers is us, Homo sapiens. One versus one, or even 10 versus 10, chimpanzeesmight be better than us. But, if you pit 1,000 humans against 1,000chimpanzees, the humans will win easily, for the simple reason that a thousandchimpanzees cannot cooperate at all. And if you now try to cram 100,000chimpanzees into Oxford Street, or into Wembley Stadium, or Tienanmen Square orthe Vatican, you will get chaos, complete chaos. Just imagine Wembley Stadiumwith 100,000 chimpanzees. Complete madness.
唯一拥有这两种特质能大规模合作，又能保持灵活的，只有我们，智人。一比一，甚至十比十，黑猩猩都比我们优秀。但，如果数目提高到一千个人和一千头黑猩猩，人类就能轻易获胜。因为上千头黑猩猩无法一起合作。如果你尝试把十万头黑猩猩，塞进牛津街、温布利体育馆天安门广场或梵蒂冈，绝对会陷入一片混乱。想象塞满十万头黑猩猩的温布利体育馆，那个景象将有多疯狂。
04:00
In contrast, humans normally gather therein tens of thousands, and what we get is not chaos, usually. What we get isextremely sophisticated and effective networks of cooperation. All the hugeachievements of humankind throughout history, whether it's building thepyramids or flying to the moon, have been based not on individual abilities,but on this ability to cooperate flexibly in large numbers.
相對的，就算成千上万的人在会场里通常也不会陷入混乱。我们有效率、有制度地合作。人类在历史上达成的巨大成就，无论是金字塔还是上月球，都不是建立在个体的能力，而是群体的灵活合作。
04:31
Think even about this very talk that I'mgiving now: I'm standing here in front of an audience of about 300 or 400people, most of you are complete strangers to me. Similarly, I don't reallyknow all the people who have organized and worked on this event. I don't knowthe pilot and the crew members of the plane that brought me over here,yesterday, to London. I don't know the people who invented and manufacturedthis microphone and these cameras, which are recording what I'm saying. I don'tknow the people who wrote all the books and articles that I read in preparationfor this talk. And I certainly don't know all the people who might be watchingthis talk over the Internet, somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.
想想我这场演讲，我在三四百个人面前演讲 你们中的大多数我都不认识 我不认识所有组织 或参与这个活动的人。我不认识昨天带我飞抵伦敦的 驾驶员和机组人员。我不认识是谁发明和制造 这些正在拍摄我的演讲的录像机和麦克风 为了准备这段演讲，我读了不少书和论文，我却不认识它们的作者。我更不知道那些正在网上观看这个演讲的人他们可能在布宜诺斯艾利斯或是在新德里而且，
05:24
Nevertheless, even though we don't knoweach other, we can work together to create this global exchange of ideas. Thisis something chimpanzees cannot do. They communicate, of course, but you willnever catch a chimpanzee traveling to some distant chimpanzee band to give thema talk about bananas or about elephants, or anything else that might interestchimpanzees. Now cooperation is, of course, not always nice; all the horriblethings humans have been doing throughout history -- and we have been doing somevery horrible things -- all those things are also based on large-scalecooperation. Prisons are a system of cooperation; slaughterhouses are a systemof cooperation; concentration camps are a system of cooperation. Chimpanzeesdon't have slaughterhouses and prisons and concentration camps.
尽管我们不认识彼此，却能在世界的舞台上，一同参与、创造、交换意见，这是黑猩猩所做不到的。当然，它们也能沟通，但你不会看到一只黑猩猩远渡重洋，对另一群黑猩猩讲解香蕉或大象，或任何黑猩猩有兴趣的事。合作自然不是只有好事。人类历史上所有恐怖的事件——我们的确做过一些非常恐怖的事——它们同样也是人类大规模合作达成的。监狱是一种合作系统，屠宰场是一种合作系统，集中营是一种合作系统。黑猩猩没有屠宰场、监狱、或集中营。
06:24
Now suppose I've managed to convince youperhaps that yes, we control the world because we can cooperate flexibly inlarge numbers. The next question that immediately arises in the mind of aninquisitive listener is: How, exactly, do we do it? What enables us alone, ofall the animals, to cooperate in such a way? The answer is our imagination. Wecan cooperate flexibly with countless numbers of strangers, because we alone,of all the animals on the planet, can create and believe fictions, fictionalstories. And as long as everybody believes in the same fiction, everybody obeysand follows the same rules, the same norms, the same values.
现在或许我已经说服你，因为我们大规模灵活合作的能力，我们掌控了世界。下一个问题随之而来。好奇的听众心里想：我们是怎么做到的？在所有动物中，为什么只有我们这样合作？答案是我们的想象力。我们之所以可以和无数陌生人一同合作，因为在这星球上的所有动物中只有我们能创造和相信虚构的故事，只要大家一同相信同一个故事，每个人服从并执行一样的规则，一样的基准，一样的价值观，
07:18
All other animals use their communicationsystem only to describe reality. A chimpanzee may say, "Look! There's alion, let's run away!" Or, "Look! There's a banana tree over there!Let's go and get bananas!" Humans, in contrast, use their language not merelyto describe reality, but also to create new realities, fictional realities. Ahuman can say, "Look, there is a god above the clouds! And if you don't dowhat I tell you to do, when you die, God will punish you and send you tohell." And if you all believe this story that I've invented, then you willfollow the same norms and laws and values, and you can cooperate. This issomething only humans can do. You can never convince a chimpanzee to give you abanana by promising him, "... after you die, you'll go to chimpanzee heaven..." (Laughter) "... and you'll receive lots and lots of bananas foryour good deeds. So now give me this banana." No chimpanzee will everbelieve such a story. Only humans believe such stories, which is why we controlthe world, whereas the chimpanzees are locked up in zoos and researchlaboratories.
这件事只有人类做得到。你永远无法说服一只黑猩猩交出香蕉，就算你承諾它：“死后，你可以到黑猩猩天堂......”（笑声）“到时候你的善行，会为你赢得无数的香蕉。现在，快把香蕉给我。”没有一只黑猩猩会相信这种故事。
08:34
Now you may find it acceptable that yes, inthe religious field, humans cooperate by believing in the same fictions.Millions of people come together to build a cathedral or a mosque or fight in acrusade or a jihad, because they all believe in the same stories about God andheaven and hell. But what I want to emphasize is that exactly the samemechanism underlies all other forms of mass-scale human cooperation, not onlyin the religious field.
只有人类会相信这种故事。这就是黑猩猩关在动物园或实验室，我们却称霸世界的原因。或许你现在可以接受，在宗教领域，拥有相同信念的人一同合作。百万人同心合力建造教堂、清真寺一同参加圣战 因为他们信仰神、天堂和地狱。但我想说的是同样的机制 存在于人类各种的大规模合作。不限于宗教领域。
09:11
Take, for example, the legal field. Mostlegal systems today in the world are based on a belief in human rights. Butwhat are human rights? Human rights, just like God and heaven, are just a storythat we've invented. They are not an objective reality; they are not somebiological effect about homo sapiens. Take a human being, cut him open, lookinside, you will find the heart, the kidneys, neurons, hormones, DNA, but youwon't find any rights. The only place you find rights are in the stories that wehave invented and spread around over the last few centuries. They may be verypositive stories, very good stories, but they're still just fictional storiesthat we've invented.
譬如，法制领域。现在世界上大部分的法律，都以人权为基础。但人权是什么？人权，就像神和天堂，都是我们发明的故事。它们不是客观的事实；它们不是某种智人的生理反应。解剖人体，往里探看，里面有心脏、肾脏、神经元、荷尔蒙、基因但你找不到什么权利。权利只存在故事里，我们在这几个世纪里创造、散播的故事。这些故事很好、很正面，但仍然是我们虚构的。
10:03
The same is true of the political field.The most important factors in modern politics are states and nations. But whatare states and nations? They are not an objective reality. A mountain is anobjective reality. You can see it, you can touch it, you can even smell it. Buta nation or a state, like Israel or Iran or France or Germany, this is just astory that we've invented and became extremely attached to.
政治领域也一样。国家是今日政治里最重要的元素。但国家是什么？它们不是客观事实，山陵是客观事实，你看得到，摸得到，甚至闻得到。但国家，以色列、伊朗、法国或德国，只是我们创造，并且非常依赖的故事。
10:34
The same is true of the economic field. Themost important actors today in the global economy are companies andcorporations. Many of you today, perhaps, work for a corporation, like Googleor Toyota or McDonald's. What exactly are these things? They are what lawyerscall legal fictions. They are stories invented and maintained by the powerfulwizards we call lawyers. (Laughter) And what do corporations do all day?Mostly, they try to make money. Yet, what is money? Again, money is not anobjective reality; it has no objective value. Take this green piece of paper,the dollar bill. Look at it -- it has no value. You cannot eat it, you cannotdrink it, you cannot wear it. But then came along these master storytellers --the big bankers, the finance ministers, the prime ministers -- and they tell usa very convincing story: "Look, you see this green piece of paper? It isactually worth 10 bananas." And if I believe it, and you believe it, andeverybody believes it, it actually works. I can take this worthless piece ofpaper, go to the supermarket, give it to a complete stranger whom I've nevermet before, and get, in exchange, real bananas which I can actually eat. Thisis something amazing. You could never do it with chimpanzees. Chimpanzeestrade, of course: "Yes, you give me a coconut, I'll give you abanana." That can work. But, you give me a worthless piece of paper and youexcept me to give you a banana? No way! What do you think I am, a human?(Laughter)
经济领域也一样。公司和企业是今日全球金融中不可或缺的元素。你们当中的许多人为企业工作，像谷歌或丰田或麦当劳。它们是什么？律师叫它们法人。需要有巫师创造和维持，不过我们通常叫这些巫师叫律师。（笑声）企业都在做些什么？它们主要的功能是赚钱。但钱是什么？钱也不是客观事实。这张绿色的纸，一元钞票。它其实一文不值。你不能吃它，不能喝它，不能把它穿在身上。但这些大故事家来了——大银行家，各国的财政部长，总理——他们说着同一个动人的故事：“你看这张绿色的纸，它可以换十个香蕉。”如果我信了，你也信了，大家都信了，这事就成了。我可以拿着这张一文不值的纸，到任何超市，把它交给一位素昧平生的陌生人，拿到我可以吃的，真的香蕉。这未必太神气了。黑猩猩可办不到。当然，黑猩猩也懂得交换“你给我一颗椰子，我给你一根香蕉。“也行。但如果你给我一张废纸然后要我给你一根香蕉？想都别想！ 你把我当什么了，人类吗？ （笑声）
12:24
Money, in fact, is the most successfulstory ever invented and told by humans, because it is the only story everybodybelieves. Not everybody believes in God, not everybody believes in humanrights, not everybody believes in nationalism, but everybody believes in money,and in the dollar bill. Take, even, Osama Bin Laden. He hated American politicsand American religion and American culture, but he had no objection to Americandollars. He was quite fond of them, actually. (Laughter)
钱，其实是人类史上，最成功的故事。因为它是唯一一个所有人都相信的故事。不是每个人都相信神，不是每个人都追求人权，不是每个人都爱国，但每个人都相信钱，相信现金。就像拉登。他憎恨美国的政策和信仰，美国文化，但他绝对对美金没有意见。他其实挺爱它们的。（笑声）
13:04
To conclude, then: We humans control theworld because we live in a dual reality. All other animals live in an objectivereality. Their reality consists of objective entities, like rivers and treesand lions and elephants. We humans, we also live in an objective reality. Inour world, too, there are rivers and trees and lions and elephants. But overthe centuries, we have constructed on top of this objective reality a secondlayer of fictional reality, a reality made of fictional entities, like nations,like gods, like money, like corporations. And what is amazing is that ashistory unfolded, this fictional reality became more and more powerful so thattoday, the most powerful forces in the world are these fictional entities.Today, the very survival of rivers and trees and lions and elephants depends onthe decisions and wishes of fictional entities, like the United States, likeGoogle, like the World Bank -- entities that exist only in our own imagination.
结论是：我们人类称霸世界，因为我们活在双重现实里。其它动物活在客观事实里。它们的真实世界存在于客观现实，像河流、树木、狮子和大象。我们人类也活在客观现实里。我们也有河流、树木、狮子和大象。但几个世纪来，我们在客观现实上，建构了另一个层次的虚拟现实，一个由虚拟现实组成的真实世界。国家、神、钱、企业。厉害的是在历史进程里，虚构的现实日渐强大，直到今日，世界上最强大的力量，是这些虚构的主体。今天，幸存的河流、树、狮子和大象，仰赖着这些虚构主体的决定和期待生存，像美国、谷歌、世界银行——这些只存在于我们想象中的主体。谢谢各位。
14:32
Thank you. (Applause)
谢谢各位。（掌声）
14:44
Bruno Giussani: Yuval, you have a new bookout. After Sapiens, you wrote another one, and it's out in Hebrew, but not yettranslated into ...
Bruno Guissani：乌瓦尔，你有一本新书即将出版。出版《人类大历史》后，你又写了一本，希伯来文的版本已经出版了，但还没翻译成......
14:50
Yuval Noah Harari: I'm working on thetranslation as we speak.
乌瓦尔·诺亚·哈拉利：我现在正在翻译。
14:53
BG: In the book, if I understand itcorrectly, you argue that the amazing breakthroughs that we are experiencingright now not only will potentially make our lives better, but they will create-- and I quote you -- "... new classes and new class struggles, just asthe industrial revolution did." Can you elaborate for us?
BG：在这本书里，如果我想得没错的话，你说我们现在经历的这些奇妙的技术突破 不只会让我们的生活更好，更有可能创造 － 你这么说 － “新的阶级和新的阶级斗争，就像工业革命时期一样。” 你可以多说一点吗？
15:12
YNH: Yes. In the industrial revolution, wesaw the creation of a new class of the urban proletariat. And much of thepolitical and social history of the last 200 years involved what to do withthis class, and the new problems and opportunities. Now, we see the creation ofa new massive class of useless people. (Laughter) As computers become betterand better in more and more fields, there is a distinct possibility thatcomputers will out-perform us in most tasks and will make humans redundant. Andthen the big political and economic question of the 21st century will be,"What do we need humans for?", or at least, "What do we need somany humans for?"
哈拉利：好的。在工业革命时期，我们创造了城市中的无产阶级。过去两百年的社经历史，都在处理由此而生的新问题和机会。现在，一群没用的人组成了一个新阶级，（笑声）计算机在各个领域越来越强，很快的，计算机在许多领域上会胜过人类，人类将变得多余。这个世纪最大的政治和经济问题是，“我们需要人类做什么？”至少是“我们需要这么多人做什么？”
15:58
BG: Do you have an answer in the book?
BG：书里会找到答案吗？
16:01
YNH: At present, the best guess we have isto keep them happy with drugs and computer games ... (Laughter) but thisdoesn't sound like a very appealing future.
哈拉利：目前，我们只能用药物、电子游戏尽量让他们开心 （笑声）然好像也不是什么值得期待的前景。
16:11
BG: Ok, so you're basically saying in thebook and now, that for all the discussion about the growing evidence ofsignificant economic inequality, we are just kind of at the beginning of theprocess?
BG：所以你在书里和现在所说的是，各种讨论和证据都显示，所有的贫富差距、经济不平等，都只是刚刚开始而已？
16:22
YNH: Again, it's not a prophecy; it'sseeing all kinds of possibilities before us. One possibility is this creationof a new massive class of useless people. Another possibility is the divisionof humankind into different biological castes, with the rich being upgradedinto virtual gods, and the poor being degraded to this level of useless people.
哈拉利：这不是预言； 只是评估眼前的所有可能性。其中一种可能是创造了一种无用阶级，另一种可能是用生理把人类分成几种阶级，富人升等为神，穷人则贬到无用之人的阶级。
16:47
BG: I feel there is another TED talk comingup in a year or two. Thank you, Yuval, for making the trip.
BG：我想一两年内会有这个 TED 演说。谢谢你远道而来。
16:52
YNH: Thanks! (Applause)
哈拉利：谢谢！ （掌声）
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