演讲MP3+双语文稿:如何拯救蜜蜂
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:如何拯救蜜蜂，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Noah Wilson-Rich
养蜂人Noah Wilson-Rich创立了全国首屈一指的商业和住宅养蜂服务。利用一个定制的数字平台来大规模收集蜜蜂健康数据，BestBees公司对拯救蜜蜂这一更大的使命产生了巨大的影响，并通过向授粉者打开屋顶，帮助客户了解他们对环境的可量化影响。
【演讲主题】你如何帮助拯救蜜蜂，一次只救一个蜂箱
【中英文字幕】
翻译者 mingli wen 校对者 yiming ma
00:18
Pollinator decline is a grand challenge inthe modern world. Of the 200,000 species of pollinators, honeybees are the mostwell-understood, partly because of our long history with them dating back 8,000years ago to our cave drawings in what is now modern-day Spain. And yet we knowthat this indicator species is dying off.
授粉者减少是现代世界所面临的一个巨大挑战。在20万种传粉物种中，我们对蜜蜂最为了解，部分原因是我们人类与蜜蜂的悠长历史可以追溯到8000年前，在如今的西班牙发现的洞穴壁画中。然而，我们知道蜜蜂这一关键物种正面临灭绝。
00:40
Last year alone, we lost 40 percent of allbeehives in the United States. That number is even higher in areas with harshwinters, like here in Massachusetts, where we lost 47 percent of beehives inone year alone. Can you imagine if we lost half of our people last year? And ifthose were the food-producing people? It's untenable. And I predict that in 10years, we will lose our bees. If not for the work of beekeepers replacing thesedead beehives, we would be without foods that we rely upon: fruits, vegetables,crunchy almonds and nuts, tart apples, sour lemons. Even the food that ourcattle rely upon to eat, hay and alfalfa -- gone, causing global hunger,economic collapse, a total moral crisis across earth.
仅去年一年，我们在美国境内就失去了40%的蜂巢。这个数据在严冬地区甚至更高，比如在马萨诸塞州这里，我们在一年内就损失了 47%的蜂巢。你能想象如果去年人类数量减少了一半会怎样吗？如果这些人都是负责食品生产的呢？这是无法承受的状况。我预测在10年后，蜜蜂将会灭绝。如果不是养蜂人替换掉这些无用的蜂巢的话，我们将失去赖以生存的食物：水果，蔬菜，松脆的杏仁和坚果，苹果派，酸柠檬。即使是牛所依赖的食物，如干草和苜蓿，也都将消失，导致全球饥荒，经济崩溃，道德危机席卷全球。
01:37
Now, I first started keeping bees here inCape Cod right after I finished my doctorate in honeybee immunology.
我开始在科德角这里养蜂，是在我刚获得了蜜蜂免疫学的博士学位之后。
01:43
(Laughter)
（笑声）
01:46
(Applause)
（掌声）
01:51
Imagine getting such a degree in a goodeconomy -- and it was 2009: the Great Recession. And I was onto something. Iknew that I could find out how to improve bee health. And so the community onCape Cod here in Provincetown was ripe for citizen science, people looking forways to get involved and to help. And so we met with people in coffee shops. Awonderful woman named Natalie got eight beehives at her home in Truro, and sheintroduced us to her friend Valerie, who let us set up 60 beehives at anabandoned tennis court on her property. And so we started testing vaccines forbees. We were starting to look at probiotics. We called it "beeyogurt" -- ways to make bees healthier. And our citizen science projectstarted to take off.
想象一下，在良好的经济环境下，拿到这么一个学位——那是在2009年：经济大萧条时期。我要准备做点什么，我知道我可以找到改善蜂群生存状况的方法。在普罗温斯敦的科德角社区，公民科学的时机已经成熟，人们都在想办法参与并提供帮助。因此我们在咖啡店与一些人会面。一位叫娜塔莉的了不起的女士，她在特鲁罗的家里有8个蜂箱，她还把我们介绍给一位叫瓦莱利的朋友，瓦莱利允许我们在她名下的一个废弃网球场上搭建了60个蜂箱。于是，我们开始测试蜜蜂疫苗。我们开始研究益生菌。我们叫它“蜜蜂酸奶”——让蜜蜂更健康的方法。我们的公民科学计划开始启动。
02:41
Meanwhile, back in my apartment here, I wasa bit nervous about my landlord. I figured I should tell him what we weredoing.
与此同时，回到我所住的公寓，我有点担心房东的态度。我觉得我应该告诉他我们正在做的事情。
02:49
(Laughter)
（笑声）
02:50
I was terrified; I really thought I wasgoing to get an eviction notice, which really was the last thing we needed,right? I must have caught him on a good day, though, because when I told himwhat we were doing and how we started our nonprofit urban beekeepinglaboratory, he said, "That's great! Let's get a beehive in the backalley." I was shocked. I was completely surprised. I mean, instead ofgetting an eviction notice, we got another data point. And in the back alley ofthis image, what you see here, this hidden beehive -- that beehive producedmore honey that first year than we have ever experienced in any beehive we hadmanaged. It shifted our research perspective forever. It changed our researchquestion away from "How do we save the dead and dying bees?" to"Where are bees doing best?" And we started to be able to put mapstogether, looking at all of these citizen science beehives from people who hadbeehives at home decks, gardens, business rooftops. We started to engage thepublic, and the more people who got these little data points, the more accurateour maps became.
我忐忑不安；我真以为会收到驱逐令，这真是我们最不想要的，对吧？我一决定要在美好的一天逮住他说话，不过当我告诉他我们在做什么以及我们是如何建立非盈利城市养蜂实验室的时候，他说，“太棒了！我们在后巷也弄一个蜂箱吧。”我很震惊。我完全惊呆了。我是说，不但没有收到驱逐令，还增加了一个数据点。在这张照片中的后巷，你在这里看到的，这个隐藏的蜂箱——那个蜂箱第一年产的蜜比我们管理的任何蜂箱的蜜都要多。这永远改变了我们的研究视角。它把我们的研究问题从“如何拯救死去的和垂死的蜜蜂？”转变成“哪里最适合蜜蜂生长？”我们开始能够把地图拼起来，看看所有这些公民科学家的蜂箱，从在阳台放蜂箱的，到在花园，商业屋顶放蜂箱的。我们开始让公众参与进来，越多的人参与，提供越多的数据点我们的地图就越精确。
03:50
And so when you're sitting here thinking,"How can I get involved?" you might think about a story of my friendFred, who's a commercial real estate developer. He was thinking the same thing.He was at a meeting, thinking about what he could do for tenant relations andsustainability at scale. And while he was having a tea break, he put honey intohis tea and noticed on the honey jar a message about corporate sustainabilityfrom the host company of that meeting. And it sparked an idea.
如果在座的各位正在思考，“我怎样才能参与其中？”你可以听一听我朋友弗雷德的故事，他是一名商业地产开发商。他也在想着同样的事情。有一天他正在开会，考虑要如何改善跟租客的关系和规模化的可持续性。当他在茶歇的时候，他把蜂蜜放进茶里，注意到了在蜂蜜罐上一则会议主办方关于企业可持续性的信息。这激发了一个想法。
04:16
He came back to his office. An email, aphone call later, and -- boom! -- we went national together. We put dozens ofbeehives on the rooftops of their skyscrapers across nine cities nationwide.
他回到办公室。发了一封电子邮件，又打了一个电话，就这么简单——我们的计划在他的帮助下走向了全国。我们放了几十个蜂箱在他们摩天大楼的屋顶上，横跨全国九个城市。
04:30
Nine years later --
九年以后——
04:31
(Applause)
（掌声）
04:37
Nine years later, we have raised over amillion dollars for bee research. We have a thousand beehives as little datapoints across the country, 18 states and counting, where we have created payingjobs for local beekeepers, 65 of them, to manage beehives in their owncommunities, to connect with people, everyday people, who are now data pointstogether making a difference.
九年以后，我们为蜜蜂研究筹集了一百多万美元的资金。我们在全国有一千个蜂箱作为小数据点，遍布18个州和郡，我们为当地的养蜂业创造了有偿工作，一共有65个人得以在自己的社区管理蜂箱，积极动员普通民众，这些民众现在也成为了数据点，一起发挥作用。
05:03
So in order to explain what's actually beensaving bees, where they're thriving, I need to first tell you what's beenkilling them. The top three killers of bees are agricultural chemicals such aspesticides, herbicides, fungicides; diseases of bees, of which there are many;and habitat loss. So what we did is we looked on our maps and we identifiedareas where bees were thriving. This was mostly in cities, we found. Data arenow showing that urban beehives produce more honey than rural beehives and suburbanbeehives. Urban beehives have a longer life span than rural and suburbanbeehives, and bees in the city are more biodiverse; there are more bee speciesin urban areas.
为了说明究竟是什么拯救了蜜蜂，它们正在什么地方蓬勃发展，我首先要告诉你的是：什么杀死了它们。蜜蜂的三大杀手是农药，比如杀虫剂，除草剂和杀菌剂；大量种类的疾病；以及栖息地的丧失。所以我们做的是研究地图以及识别蜜蜂繁盛的地区。我们发现这些地区大多位于城市中。目前数据显示，城市蜂箱生产的蜂蜜比乡村和郊区的多。城市蜂箱比乡村和郊区的蜂箱寿命更长，城市蜜蜂更具有生物多样性；城市地区的蜜蜂种类较多。
05:42
(Laughter)
（笑声）
05:44
Right? Why is this? That was our question.So we started with these three killers of bees, and we flipped it: Which ofthese is different in the cities?
有点奇怪吧？为什么呢？ 这正是我们思考的问题。我们先研究了这三种蜜蜂杀手，并进行逆向思考：这些在城市里有哪些不同之处？
05:54
So the first one, pesticides. We partneredup with the Harvard School of Public Health. We shared our data with them. Wecollected samples from our citizen science beehives at people's homes andbusiness rooftops. We looked at pesticide levels. We thought there would beless pesticides in areas where bees are doing better. That's not the case. Sowhat we found here in our study is -- the orange bars are Boston, and wethought those bars would be the lowest, there would be the lowest levels ofpesticides. And, in fact, there are the most pesticides in cities. So thepesticide hypothesis for what's saving bees -- less pesticides in cities -- isnot it. And this is very typical of my life as a scientist. Anytime I've had ahypothesis, not only is it not supported, but the opposite is true.
第一，杀虫剂。我们与哈佛大学公共卫生学院合作，与他们分享了数据。我们从人们家里和商业建筑屋顶的公民科学蜂箱 收集了很多样本，研究了杀虫剂水平。我们认为，蜜蜂生长得更好的地区杀虫剂可能会更少。但事实并非如此。我们的研究发现——橙色柱状表示波士顿，我们以为这些柱状代表的应该是杀虫剂含量最低的地方。事实上，城市中杀虫剂使用量最多。因此关于拯救蜜蜂的杀虫剂假说——城市的杀虫剂更少——不成立。这样的结论对于一个科学家来说是很平常的。很多时候，我的假设不仅得不到证据支撑，反倒相反的假设才是正确的。
06:39
(Laughter)
（笑声）
06:40
Which is still an interesting finding,right?
06:42
We moved on. The disease hypothesis. Welooked at diseases all over our beehives. And what we found in a similar studyto this one with North Carolina State is: there's no difference between diseasein bees in urban, suburban and rural areas. Diseases are everywhere; bees aresick and dying. In fact, there were more diseases of bees in cities. This wasfrom Raleigh, North Carolina. So again, my hypothesis was not supported. Theopposite was true. We're moving on.
于是我们继续前进，提出了疾病假说。我们研究了所有蜂箱中出现的疾病。我们在对北卡罗来纳州的类似研究中发现：无论是在城市，郊区，还是乡村地区，蜜蜂疾病都没有表现出任何区别。疾病无处不在；蜜蜂都在陆续生病和死亡。事实上，城市里有更多的蜜蜂疾病。这是北卡罗来纳州罗利市的照片。所以，我又得出了恰好相反的假设。我们又继续研究。
07:08
(Laughter)
（笑声）
07:10
The habitat hypothesis. This said thatareas where bees are thriving have a better habitat -- more flowers, right? Butwe didn't know how to test this. So I had a really interesting meeting. An ideasparked with my friend and colleague Anne Madden, fellow TED speaker. Wethought about genomics, kind of like AncestryDNA or 23andMe. Have you donethese? You spit in a tube and you find out, "I'm German!"
栖息地假说。这张图说的是蜜蜂生命旺盛的地区，栖息地环境更好——应该有更多的花朵，对吗？但是我们不知该 如何对这一假设进行检验。所以我们召开了一次有趣的会议。我与朋友兼同事安娜·麦登，她也是TED演讲人，提出了这个想法。我们想到了基因组技术，比如“AncestryDNA”或者“23andMe”的那种。你们做过这种检测吗？就是往管子里吐痰，然后发现，“我是德国人（的后裔）！”
07:34
(Laughter)
（笑声）
07:35
Well, we developed this for honey. So wehave a sample of honey and we look at all the plant DNA, and we find out,"I'm sumac!"
我们为蜜蜂也开发了类似的技术。取一份蜂蜜样本，比对所有植物的DNA，然后我们发现，“这是漆树（的花蜜）！”
07:43
(Laughter)
（笑声）
07:44
And that's what we found here inProvincetown. So for the first time ever, I'm able to report to you what typeof honey is from right here in our own community. HoneyDNA, a genomics test.Spring honey in Provincetown is from privet. What's privet? Hedges. What's themessage? Don't trim your hedges to save the bees.
这是我们在普罗温斯敦发现的。所以我们有史以来第一次可以证明哪一种蜂蜜来自我们这一社区。我们运用的是“蜂蜜DNA”，一个基因组检测技术。普罗温斯敦的春蜜来自于女贞【植】。什么是女贞？就是树篱。这意味着什么？为了拯救蜜蜂，不要修剪你的篱笆。
08:03
(Laughter)
（笑声）
08:04
I know we're getting crunchy and it'scontroversial, so before you throw your tomatoes, we'll move to the summerhoney, which is water lily honey. If you have honey from Provincetown righthere in the summer, you're eating water lily juice; in the fall, sumac honey.We're learning about our food for the first time ever. And now we're able toreport, if you need to do any city planning: What are good things to plant?What do we know the bees are going to that's good for your garden? For thefirst time ever for any community, we now know this answer.
我知道这有点尴尬，也会存在争议，所以在你朝我扔西红柿之前，我们来聊一聊夏蜜，即睡莲蜜。如果你在夏天吃普罗温斯敦的蜂蜜，你喝的就是睡莲汁；秋天，是漆树蜂蜜。我们有史以来第一次深入研究蜂蜜。如果你要做城市规划，现在我们可以想你汇报: 种什么植物好？我们知道的关于 蜜蜂对花园的好处有哪些？ 对于任何一个社区来说，我们现在终于知道答案了。
08:34
What's more interesting for us is deeper inthe data. So, if you're from the Caribbean and you want to explore yourheritage, Bahamian honey is from the laurel family, cinnamon and avocadoflavors. But what's more interesting is 85 different plant species in oneteaspoon of honey. That's the measure we want, the big data. Indian honey: thatis oak. Every sample we've tested from India is oak, and that's 172 differentflavors in one taste of Indian honey. Provincetown honey goes from 116 plantsin the spring to over 200 plants in the summer. These are the numbers that weneed to test the habitat hypothesis.
对我们来说更有趣的是更深层次的数据。如果你来自加勒比海，想探索自己继承的一片土地，巴哈马蜜是来自月桂科【植】，含肉桂和鳄梨风味。但是更有趣的是一茶匙蜂蜜里包含85种不同的植物品种。这就是我们需要的测量方式，大数据。印度蜂蜜来自橡树。我们测试的每一个印度样品都是来自橡树，一口能尝出来印度蜂蜜里含有172种不同风味。普罗温斯敦的蜂蜜在春天采自116种植物，夏天则超过200种植物。这是就我们需要检验栖息地假说的数据。
09:13
In another citizen science approach, youfind out about your food and we get some interesting data. We're finding outnow that in rural areas, there are 150 plants on average in a sample of honey.That's a measure for rural. Suburban areas, what might you think? Do they haveless or more plants in suburban areas with lawns that look nice for people butthey're terrible for pollinators? Suburbs have very low plant diversity, so ifyou have a beautiful lawn, good for you, but you can do more. You can have apatch of your lawn that's a wildflower meadow to diversify your habitat, toimprove pollinator health. Anybody can do this. Urban areas have the mosthabitat, best habitat, as you can see here: over 200 different plants. We have,for the first time ever, support for the habitat hypothesis.
在另一种公民科学方法中，你发现了食物的秘密，而我们也获得了一些有趣的数据。我们现在发现在农村地区，一种蜂蜜样本平均含有150种植物。这是农村地区的数据。那么郊区呢，你认为结果如何？在对民众友好但是不利于花粉传播的郊区草坪上采集的蜂蜜会包含多少植物？结果是郊区的植物多样性很低，所以如果你的草坪很漂亮，很不错，但你可以做更多的改善。你可以在草坪上开辟一片野花草地使你的栖息地多样化，从而改善传粉者的健康。任何人都能做到这一点。城市地区拥有最多和最好的栖息地，正如你在这里看到的：超过200种不同的植物。我们的栖息地假说有史以来第一次得到认可。
10:03
We also now know how we can work withcities. The City of Boston has eight times better habitat than its nearbysuburbs. And so when we work with governments, we can scale this. You mightthink on my tombstone, it'll say, "Here lies Noah. Plant a flower."Right? I mean -- it's exhausting after all of this. But when we scale together,when we go to governments and city planners -- like in Boston, the honey ismostly linden trees, and we say, "If a dead tree needs to be replaced,consider linden." When we take this information to governments, we can doamazing things. This is a rooftop from Fred's company. We can plant thosethings on top of rooftops worldwide to start restoring habitat and securingfood systems. We've worked with the World Bank and the presidential delegationfrom the country of Haiti. We've worked with wonderful graduate students atYale University and Ethiopia. In these countries, we can add value to theirhoney by identifying what it is, but informing the people of what to plant torestore their habitat and secure their food systems.
我们现在也知道该如何与城市合作。波士顿市的栖息地比周边的郊区要优越8倍。当我们与政府合作的时候，我们可以扩大这一规模。你可能会想，在我的墓碑上会刻着，“诺亚长眠于此。请种一朵花吧。”对吧？ 我是说，在经历了 这一切之后，我已筋疲力尽。但当我们一起扩大规模时，当我们去找政府和城市规划者的时候——就像在波士顿，蜂蜜树源主要是椴树，我们会说，“如果需要替换一棵枯树，考虑用椴树。”当我们把这些信息递交给政府，就相当于开展了一次壮举。这是弗雷德公司的屋顶。我们可以在全世界的屋顶上种植那些植物，开始恢复栖息地，以及保障食物系统。我们还与世界银行合作，以及与海地总统代表团合作。我们与耶鲁大学以及埃塞尔比亚的优秀毕业生合作。在这些国家，我们可以通过确定蜂蜜的种类来为他们的蜂蜜增值，告诉人们该种植什么植物，从而恢复栖息地以及保障他们的食物系统。
11:01
But what I think is even more important iswhen we think about natural disasters. For the first time, we now know how wecan have a baseline measure of any habitat before it might be destroyed. Thinkabout your hometown. What risks does the environment pose to it? This is howwe're going to save Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. We now have a baselinemeasure of honey, honey DNA from before and after the storm. We started inHumacao. This is right where Hurricane Maria made landfall. And we know whatplants to replace and in what quantity and where by triangulating honey DNAsamples.
我认为这对应对自然灾害来说更重要。有史以来，我们第一次知道如何在任何栖息地有可能被摧毁前，做基线测量。回想一下你的家乡。环境面临着哪些风险？这是玛利亚飓风过境后，我们拯救波多黎各的方法。现在我们有了蜂蜜的基线测量，飓风前后蜂蜜的DNA。我们从乌马考市开始。这正是玛利亚飓风登陆的地点。我们通过三角测量法分析蜂蜜的 DNA样本，搞清了该复原哪些植物以及需要的数量和地点。
11:38
You might even think about right here, thebeautiful land that connected us, that primed us, all the citizen science tobegin with, the erosion, the winter storms that are getting more violent everyyear. What are we going to do about this, our precious land? Well, looking athoney DNA, we can see what plants are good for pollinators that have deeproots, that can secure the land, and together, everybody can participate. Andthe solution fits in a teaspoon. If your hometown might get swept away ordestroyed by a natural disaster, we now have a blueprint suspended in time forhow to restore that on Earth, or perhaps even in a greenhouse on Mars.
你可能会想，这一片连接和哺育我们的美丽大地，所有公民科学开始的地方，侵蚀，冬季风暴正在逐年恶化。我们该采取什么措施，来保护如此珍贵的土地呢？我们通过观测蜂蜜DNA，就可以找出哪些植物的根长得很深，可以保持水土，又对授粉者有益，我们所有人都可以参与进来，一起拯救这一茶匙的蜂蜜。如果你的家乡可能会被自然灾害卷走或者摧毁，我们现在就有了一份如何在地球上，甚至在火星上的温室里重建家园的蓝图。
12:20
I know it sounds crazy, but think aboutthis: a new Provincetown, a new hometown, a place that might be familiar that'salso good for pollinators for a stable food system, when we're thinking aboutthe future. Now, together, we know what's saving bees -- by planting diversehabitat. Now, together, we know how bees are going to save us -- by beingbarometers for environmental health, by being blueprints, sources ofinformation, little data factories suspended in time.
我明白，这听起来太不可思议，但是想想看：在未来可能会是这样一番景象：一个全新的普罗温斯敦，一个全新的家乡，一个似曾相识且对授粉者有利的地方，拥有稳定的食物系统，团结协作让我们懂得了如何拯救蜜蜂——通过拥有植物多样性的栖息地。团结协作让我们懂得了蜜蜂将如何拯救人类——通过作为环境健康的标记，作为信息源泉的蓝图，成为小数据工厂只是时间问题。
12:54
Thank you.
谢谢
12:55
(Applause)
（掌声）
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