演讲MP3+双语文稿:为什么湖泊和河流应该拥有权利
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:为什么湖泊和河流应该拥有权利，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Kelsey Leonard 水学者和保护者
Kelsey Leonard担任国际联合委员会大湖区水质委员会成员。她在维护土著民族在环境规划方面的利益上发挥了重要作用，并将当地人的科学和知识纳入水治理和可持续海洋的新解决办法。
【演讲主题】为什么湖泊和河流应该和人类一样拥有同样的权利？
【中英文字幕】
翻译者 chunhua zhang 校对者 Yolanda Zhang
00:01
Hello, good day, everyone. I'm from theShinnecock Nation. Tabutni to the Cahuilla peoples, whose land we gather ontoday.
大家好。我来自辛奈考克部落。感谢卡惠拉人，我们今天就聚集在他们的土地上。
00:16
I was taught that water is alive. It canhear, it holds memories. And so I brought a water vessel up with me today,because I want it to hold the memories of our conversation today.
他们教会我，水是有生命的。它可以听，它有记忆。今天我也带来了一个水壶，因为我想让它保存关于我们今天对话的记忆。
00:31
Who gets legal rights? History has shown ussome people but not others. In the United States, Indigenous peoples likemyself were not citizens under the law until 1924. My Shinnecock ancestors,pictured here, were not citizens under the law. Then why do we claim to benations governed by the rule of law if some people are protected, but notothers? Because it remains one of the best ways to fight injustice. And, asIndigenous people, we know injustice.
谁拥有法律权益？历史表明了一部分人有，而另一部分没有。在1924之前的美国，像我一样的印第安土著都不是在法律上被承认的公民。照片上，我的辛奈考克祖先，当时都不是合法公民。如果只是部分人得到保护，那我们为什么还要称这些国家是被依法治理的呢？因为，它仍是抗击不公正的最佳手段之一。作为印第安土著，我们明白什么是不公正。
01:14
A dear friend, mentor, water walker,Nokomis, Grandmother Josephine Mandamin-ba, she told me of a prophecy thatcomes from her people, the Anishinaabe of the Midewiwin Society. And in thatprophecy, she told me that it tells of a day that will come where an ounce ofwater costs more than an ounce of gold. When she told me that prophecy, I satfor a moment, and I thought about all of the injustices we see in our worldtoday, the water crises we see in our world today, and I said, "Nokomis,Grandmother, I feel like we are already in that time of prophecy." And shelooked back at me directly, and she said, "So what are you going to doabout it?" That's why I'm here with you today, because I believe that oneof the many solutions to solving the many water injustices we see in our worldtoday is recognizing that water is a living relation and granting it the legalpersonhood it deserves.
我的一个密友、导师、水行者，Josephine Mandamin-ba 奶奶，她跟我说了关于她们部落，也就是密得微文社会的 奥吉布瓦人的一则预言。在那个预言中，她告诉我有一天，一盎司的水要比一盎司的黄金还贵。听了她的预言，我坐着思考了一会儿，我想到了我们今天在全世界见到的所有不公正，我们所见到的水危机，然后我说，“奶奶，我觉得我们好像已经处于预言中所说的时代。”她回过头来看着我，说道，“那你打算怎么做呢？”这就是我今天来到这里的原因，因为我认为，解决当前世界众多水资源不公的方案之一，就是承认水是一种活体，并且赋予它应有的法律人格。
02:25
So to do so, we need to transform the wayin which we value water. We have to start to think about how do we connect towater. Usually, someone might ask you, "What is water?" and you wouldrespond with "Rain, ocean, lake, river, H20, liquid." You might evenunderstand the sacred essentiality of water and say that water is life. Butwhat if I asked you, instead, "Who is water?" In the same way that Imight ask you, "Who is your grandmother?" "Who is yoursister?" That type of orientation fundamentally transforms the way inwhich we think about water, transforms the way in which we make decisions abouthow we might protect water, protect it in the way that you would protect yourgrandmother, your mother, your sister, your aunties. That is the type oftransformation that we need if we are going to address the many water crises wesee in our world today, these harrowing water crises that have streamed acrossour digital devices in countdowns to Day Zero, the point at which municipalwater supplies are shut off.
为此，我们需要转变衡量水的价值的方式。我们要开始思考如何与水资源建立连接。通常，人们会问你，“什么是水？”而你可能会回答 “雨水、海洋、湖泊、江河、 H2O、液体。” 你甚至有可能明白 水的神圣的重要性，然后回答，水是生命。但如果我换个方式问你，“谁是水？”而且是用问“谁是你奶奶？”“谁是你姐姐？”这样的方式去问。这种表述方式从根本上转变了我们看待水的方式，转变了我们制定保护水资源的决策的方式，要像保护你的祖母、妈妈、姐妹、阿姨一样保护水资源。如果我们想要解决今天所面临的诸多水危机，那么这种转变正是我们所需要的，这些令人痛心的水危机从一开始，也就是城市供水被切断那一刻起，就在我们的电子设备上刷屏了。
03:41
Places like Cape Town, South Africa, wherein 2018, residents were limited to two-minute showers and 23 gallons of waterper day per person, or just this past summer, where the mismanagement of waterled the streets of Chennai to be lined with thousands of plastic water jugs asresidents waited hours for water tankers to deliver water, first by rail, thenby truck, to meet their daily needs. Or even here in the United States, one ofthe most developed nations in the world. Today, Flint, Michigan still does nothave clean water.
例如南非的开普敦，在 2018 年就规定居民洗澡不得超过两分钟，每人每天用水不得超过 23 加仑, 又例如刚过去的这个夏天，因为对水资源的管理不善，导致印度钦奈的街头出现了数千只塑料水壶排队的场景，这些都是当地居民为了取得日常所需的用水，花了好几个小时等待送水车的到来，这些水先被火车运过来，再装到卡车上。甚至就在美国，这个世界上最发达的国家之一，在密歇根州的弗林特市，至今还没有干净的饮用水。
04:20
But you are likely unfamiliar with thesewater crises, such as Neskantaga First Nation in Northern Ontario, Canada,where residents have been on a boil water advisory since 1995. Or GrassyNarrows First Nation, which for decades has been dealing with watercontamination from the paper mill industry and where a recent study found thatnearly 90 percent of the Indigenous population has some form of mercurypoisoning, causing severe health complications.
但是你很可能对以下的水危机不是很熟悉，例如加拿大安大略省北部的纳斯坎塔加原住民地，这里的居民从 1995 年开始就被建议要把水烧开再饮用。又例如在 Grassy Narrows First Nation，人们这几十年来一直 在处理由造纸行业 所引起的水污染问题，而最近的研究发现，将近 90% 的当地土著人口都出现了不同程度的汞中毒，导致了严重的并发症。
Oreven right here in Palm Springs, California, where the Agua Caliente Band ofCahuilla Indians has been fighting for decades to protect groundwater fromexploitation so that future generations can not only live but thrive in theirhomelands, as they have since time immemorial.
甚至就在此地，加利福尼亚的棕榈泉，卡惠拉印第安人的阿瓜卡特部落为了保护地下水资源不被过度开采而斗争了数十年，以此来保证他们的后代不仅能在他们的故土生息，更能够长久的繁荣下去，就像他们一路从远古走过来所经历的一样。
05:34
You see, a recent study by DIGDEEP and theUS Water Alliance found that race, in the United States, is the strongestpredictor of water and sanitation access, and that for us, as Native Americanpeople, we are the group most likely to have access issues as it comes to waterand sanitation. So, as an Indigenous legal scholar and scientist, I believethat many of these water injustices are the result of the Western legalsystem's failure to recognize the legal personhood of water.
DIGDEEP 和美国水资源联盟 最近的一份研究发现，种族在美国 强烈预示着获取水资源 和公共卫生的难易程度，就拿我们来说，作为美国的原住民，我们是最可能在获取水资源和公共卫生方面面临各种问题的。因此，作为一个土著法学家和科学家，我认为，很多的水资源分配不公都是西方法律系统无法承认水的法律人格的结果。
06:08
And so we must ask ourselves -- who isjustice for? Humanity alone? We've granted legal personhood to corporations. Inthe US, the Supreme Court found in "Citizens United" that acorporation was a person with similar protections under the Constitution, suchas freedom of speech, and applied similar reasoning in "Hobby Lobby,"finding that a corporation had the right to freedom of religion in defenseagainst the implementation of the Affordable Care Act for its employees.
因此我们必须问问自己——我们的公平是为了谁而存在？仅仅是人类自己吗？我们授予了公司法人地位。在美国，最高法院裁决“联合公民”组织这一非盈利公司 享有跟公民一样的 受宪法保护的各项权利，比如言论自由，并且将同样的推理 用在了“HobbyLobby"案上，裁定企业拥有宗教自由的权利以对抗《平价医疗法案》在员工身上的实施。
06:40
Now, these are controversial cases, and asa Shinnecock woman and a legal scholar, they make me question the moral compassof the Western world, where you can grant legal personhood to a corporation butnot nature. You see, legal personhood grants us the ability to be visible in acourt of law, and to have our voices heard as a person protected under the law.And so if you can grant that to a corporation, why not the Great Lakes? Why notthe Mississippi River? Why not the many waterways across our planet that we alldepend on to survive?
这都是一些有争议的案件，而作为一个辛奈考克女性以及法学家，它们让我对西方世界的道德指南针有了疑问，你可以授予企业法律人格，却不能授予自然同样的权利。法律人格赋予我们在法庭上被看到的能力，让我们作为受法律保护的人能够发出自己的声音。如果你能将这些权利授予一个企业，那么为什么不能授予五大湖？为什么不能授予密西西比河？为什么不能授予我们赖以生存的密布在这个星球上的众多水资源？
07:25
We know we are in a global climate crisis,but globally, our waters are also threatened, and we are facing a global watercrisis, and if we want to address these crises in our lifetime, we need tochange. We need to fundamentally transform the way in which we value water. Andthis is not something new for us as Indigenous peoples. Our Indigenous legalsystems have a foundational principle of understanding our nonhuman relationsas being living and protected under our laws. And even for the Western world,environmental legal theorists have argued for the rights of nature since the1970s. But we need to do better. We need to change. And we need to grant legalpersonhood to water, because it affords the following rights and protections.It grants water the right to exist, flourish, and naturally evolve, and most ofall, it protects the water from us, from human beings that would do it harm,from human-caused climate-change impacts, from pollutants, and from man-made contamination.Moreover, it reverses the accepted hierarchy of humanity's domination overnature. As human beings on this planet, we are not superior to other beings onthis planet. We are not superior to the water itself. We have to learn how tobe good stewards again.
我们知道，全世界现在正经历气候危机，但是从全球来看，我们的水域也正在遭受威胁，我们正面临一场全球水危机，如果我们想要在有生之年解决这些危机，就需要做出改变。我们需要从根本上转变我们衡量水的价值的方式。而作为土著人民，这些对我们来说并不新鲜。
08:56
We often imagine that the world is filledwith infinite water. In fact, it's not. This planet, Ohke, Mother Earth, hasvery finite freshwater resources. Currently, nearly two billion people live incountries experiencing high water stress. It is also estimated that by 2030, upto 700 million people could be displaced, worldwide, due to water scarcity.
我们的土著法律系统中有一个将我们与非人类的关系理解为有生命且受法律保护的基本原则。即便是在西方世界，自 1970 年代起，环境法律理论家也已经开始为自然的权利而争辩。但是我们需要做得更好。我们需要改变。我们需要赋予水法律上的人格，因为它能提供相应的权利和保护。它授予水资源生存、繁荣以及自然进化的权利，最重要的是，它能保护水资源远离会伤害到它的人类，远离人类导致的气候变化的影响，远离污染物，以及远离人为污染。此外，它还颠覆了公认的人类对自然界的统治地位。作为这个星球上的人类，我们并不比其它的众生更高级。我们也并不比水更高级。我们需要重新学习如何成为一个好管家。
09:25
We have to address this crisis. And so it'stime for us to change. We have to transform the way in which we value water.And we can do that. We can learn to be good stewards again. We can create lawsthrough which we grant legal personhood to water. We can start to honor theoriginal treaties between Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples forwater protection. We can appoint guardians for the water that ensure thewater's rights are always protected. We can also develop water-qualitystandards that have a holistic approach, that ensure the well-being of thewater before our human needs. And moreover, we can work to dismantle exclusiveproperty ownership over water.
我们经常想象世界上的水资源是无穷无尽的，但事实并非如此。这个星球，我们的地球母亲，她所拥有的淡水资源是非常有限的。如今，全世界将近 20 亿人生活在水资源极度匮乏的国家。据估计到 2030 年，全世界将会有多达 7 亿的人口因水资源短缺而流离失所。
10:11
And there are amazing successful examplesof this around the world. The Whanganui River in Aotearoa, in New Zealand, andthe Ganges River in India were both granted legal personhood in 2017. And eventhis year, the residents of the city of Toledo recognized the legal personalityof Lake Erie. And right here in California, the Yurok Tribe granted legalpersonhood to the Klamath River.
我们必须得解决这些危机。因此，是时候做出改变了。我们必须改变衡量水的价值的方式。而且我们能够做到。我们可以重新学习做一个好的管家。我们可以立法来将法律人格授予水。我们可以开始致敬那些土著居民和非土著居民为了保护水资源而签订的最初的协议。我们可以指定一位守护者，以确保水资源的各项权利总是受到保护。我们还可以开发一套经过整体分析的，确保水的福祉优先于人类需求的水质标准。此外，我们还可以去除对于水的专属所有权。
10:39
You see, I imagine a world where we value wateras a living relation, where we work to restore our connection to water. Aswomen, we are water carriers. We nurture water in our wombs for nine months.It's the first medicine that each of us as human beings is exposed to. See, weare all born as human beings with a natal connection to water, but somewherealong the way, we lost that connection, and we have to work to restore it.Because I imagine a world in which water is healthy and ecosystems arethriving. I imagine a world where each of us takes up our right ofresponsibility as water citizens and protects water.
在全球范围内已经有了一些惊人的成功案例。例如新西兰的旺格努伊河，以及印度的恒河都在 2017 年被授予法律人格。就在今年，托莱多市的居民承认了伊利湖的法律人格。而就在此地，加利福利亚，Yurok 部落授予了克拉马斯河法律人格。
11:29
So, in the words of Nokomis, what are yougoing to do about it? What are you going to do for the water? Well, you cancall your local politician. You can go to a town meeting. You can advocate forgranting legal personhood to water. You can be like the residents of the cityof Toledo and build from the grass roots, and craft your own legislation if thepoliticians won't write it, recognizing legal personality of water. You canlearn about the Indigenous lands and waters that you now occupy and theIndigenous legal systems that still govern them. And most of all, you canconnect to water. You can restore that connection. Go to the water closest toyour home, and find out why it is threatened. But most of all, if you doanything, I ask that you make a promise to yourself, that each day, you willask, "What have I done for the water today?" If we are able tofulfill that promise, I believe we can create a bold and brilliant world wherefuture generations are able to form the same relationship to water that we havebeen privileged to have, where all communities of human and nonhuman relationshave water to live, because water is life.
我想象了一个我们将水视为生命，并努力重建与水的联系的世界。作为女人，我们是水的载体。我们用九个月的时间在子宫里孕育水（中的生命）。它是我们作为人类所接触到的第一剂良药。作为人类，我们天生就与水有一种联系，只不过后来我们失去了这种联系，我们需要去重建它。因为我想象了一个水资源很健康，生态系统也欣欣向荣的世界。我想象了一个所有人都承担起自己作为水的居民的责任，去保护水的世界。正如奶奶所说，你打算怎么做呢？你打算为水做些什么？你可以联系当地的政治家。你可以去参加镇上的会议。你可以倡导将法律人格授予水。你也可以像托莱多的居民一样从基础做起，如果政治家们不帮你，那就自己起草法律承认水的法律人格。你可以去了解你现在所占有的，但仍然被原住民法律系统所管辖的那些原住民的土地和水域。最重要的是，你可以跟水建立联系。你可以重建那种联系。去离你家最近的水域看看，找出它为什么受到威胁。然而最重要的是，不管你做任何事，请你对自己承诺，每一天，你都要问一下自己“我今天为水做了什么？”如果我们都能遵守这个承诺，我相信我们能创造一个勇敢和辉煌的世界，在这个世界里，我们的后代能够同样跟水建立起我们曾经有幸拥有的那种关系，所有的人类和非人类都能获得赖以生存的水资源，因为水就是生命。
12:58
Tabutni. Thank you.
谢谢
13:00
(Applause)
（掌声）
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