演讲MP3+双语文稿:临时城市的建筑奇迹
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:临时城市的建筑奇迹，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲人及介绍】Rahul Mehrotra
拉胡尔·梅赫罗特拉（Rahul Mehrotra）是一位在印度工作的建筑师，专注于机构建筑和历史遗迹保护。他还是哈佛大学设计研究生院的教授。
【演讲主题】临时城市的建筑奇迹
【演讲文稿-中英文】
翻译者 Archi Xiao 校对 Jin Ge
00:13
On this planet today, there are about 50cities that are larger than five million people. I'm going to share with youthe story of one such city, a city of seven million people, but a city that's atemporary megacity, an ephemeral megacity. This is a city that is built for aHindu religious festival called Kumbh Mela, which occurs every 12 years, insmaller editions every four years, and takes place at the confluence of theGanges and the Yamuna rivers in India. And for this festival, about 100 millionpeople congregate.
今天在这个世界上，有50个人口超过500万的城市。接下来我想分享其中一个城市的故事，一个拥有700万人口的城市。但是这个特大城市是临时搭建的，很短暂，这个城市是为了印度教的节日而搭建的，节日的名字叫大壶节。这个节日每12年举行一次，每4年以小一点的规模举行，就在印度恒河和亚穆纳河两条河流汇合的地方举办。为了庆祝这个节日，约1亿人聚在一起。
00:57
The reason so many people congregate here,is the Hindus believe that during the festival, the cycle every 12 years, ifyou bathe at the confluence of these two great rivers you are freed fromrebirth. It's a really compelling idea, you are liberated from life as we knowit. And this is what attracts these millions. And an entire megacity is builtto house them. Seven million people live there for the 55 days, and the other100 million visit.
这么多人聚在一起，是因为印度教徒相信在这个节日，12年为一个轮回，如果你在这两条河的汇合处沐浴，便可经历重生得到自由。这是个非常打动人的信念，我们可以理解为从生命中得到解放。正是这个信仰吸引了上亿人，而一个特大城市为了容纳这些人也随之落成。700万人在这里住上55天，还有另外1亿人前来参加。
01:29
After the monsoon, as the waters of theserivers begin to recede and the sand banks expose themselves, it becomes theterrain for the city. And by the 15th of January, starting 15th of October to15th of January, in these weeks an entire city emerges. A city that housesseven million people.
季风过后，当这两条河流逐渐消退，河床开始显露出来的时候，这就成为了特大城市的地带。到了1月15日，从上一年10月15日到下一年的1月15日，也就这几个月的功夫，一整个城市拔地而起。一个能容纳700万人的城市。
02:00
What is fascinating is this city actuallyhas all the characteristics of a real megacity: a grid is employed to lay thecity out. The urban system is a grid and every street on this city goes acrossthe river on a pontoon bridge. Incredibly resilient, because if there's anunseasonal downpour or if the river changes course, the urban system staysintact, the city adjusts itself to this terrain which can be volatile. It alsoreplicates all forms of physical, as well as social, infrastructure. Watersupply, sewage, electricity, there are 1,400 CCTV cameras that are used forsecurity by an entire station that is set up. But also social infrastructure,like clinics, hospitals, all sorts of community services, that make thisfunction like any real megacity would do. 10,500 sweepers are employed by thecity. It has a governance system, a Mela Adhikari, or the commissioner of thefestival, that ensures that land is allocated, there are systems for all ofthis, that the system of the city, the mobility, all works efficiently. Youknow, it was the cleanest and the most efficient Indian city I've lived in.
令人惊奇的是，这个城市拥有一个真正的特大城市所有该有的特点：城市的布局井然，城市系统就像是一个棋盘，城市里的每一条街道，就是横跨河流的一条条浮桥。它异常地坚韧，就算遇上反季节的暴雨或者河流改道，这个城市系统仍能保持完好无损，这个城市会调整自己来暂时适应这种地势。同时它也复制了城市里该有的物理和社会基础设施。用水供给、下水道、电气，还有1400台用于安保的闭路电视就在搭建起来的电路站之上。同时还有社会基础设施，如诊所、医院，各种各样的社区服务，使之如真正的特大城市那样运转起来。这座城市还雇佣了10500名清洁工。它还有自己的管理系统，一个Mela Adhikari，也可以叫做节庆的行政长官，以确保土地被合理分配利用，有各种系统支撑城市，确保城市系统和流动性都能高效运转。那是我住过的最干净、最高效的印度城市。
03:30
(Laughter)
（笑声）
03:41
And this is not an informal city or apop-up city. This is a formal city, this is a state enterprise, the governmentsets this up. In today's world of neoliberalism and capitalism, where the statehas devolved itself complete responsibility from making and designing cities,this is an incredible case. It's a deliberate, intentional city, a formal city.
这不是一个不规范的城市也不是一个快闪的城市，这是一个规范的城市，一个国家企业，由政府一手建立的。今天新自由主义和资本主义大行其道，国家已经发展成了为城市的设计和建立全权负责，这是一个非凡的案例。这个城市是深思熟虑的，有意打造的，规范有序的。
04:07
And it's a city that sits on the groundvery lightly. It sits on the banks of these rivers. And it leaves very littlemark. There are no foundations; fabric is used to build this entire city.What's also quite incredible is that there are five materials that are used tobuild this settlement for seven million people: eight-foot tall bamboo, stringor rope, nails or screw and a skinning material. Could be corrugated metal, a fabricor plastic. And these materials come together and aggregate. It's like a kit ofparts. And it's used all the way from a small tent, which might house five orsix people, or a family, to temples that can house 500, sometimes 1,000 people.And this kit of parts, and this imagination of the city, allows it to bedisassembled. And so at the end of the festival, within a week, the entire cityis disassembled. And the terrain isoffered back to the river, as with the monsoon the water swells again. And it'sthis sort of imagination as a kit of parts that allows this disassembly and thereabsorption of all this material. So the electricity poles go to littlevillages in the hinterland, the pontoon bridges are used in small towns, thematerial is all reabsorbed. Fascinating, it's amazing.
这个城市只是搭建于地表之上。它建立在河床之上。几乎不留一丝痕迹。没有任何根基；整个城市是用织物搭建起来的。同样令人惊奇的是打造这个供700万人生活的城市只用到了五种材料： 8英尺长的竹子、绳索、钉子或螺钉，以及一种表面材料。可能是波纹金属，织物或者塑料。这些材料结合在一起，就像是一套零件，可用于城市的所有地方，从小小的帐篷，可容纳5到6个人或者一个小家庭，到能容纳500人，甚至上千人的庙宇。这套零件或者说这个城市的设想，能允许它被快速拆卸。到了节庆的尾声，在一周之内，整个城市就能被拆卸。当季风来临，河水再次上涨的时候，整个地带再次被河流淹没。这是一种把城市变成一套零件的设想，能够被拆卸，让所有材料得到回收再利用。电线杆会被送到内陆的小村庄，浮桥则用在小城镇，这些材料全被再回收。令人啧啧称奇，非常棒。
05:37
Now, you may embrace these Hindu beliefs ornot. But you know, this is a stunning example, and it's worthy of reflection.Here, human beings spend an enormous amount of energy and imagination knowingthat the city is going to reverse, it's going to be disassembled, it's going todisappear, it's the ephemeral megacity. And it has profound lessons to teachus. Lessons about how to touch the ground lightly, about reversibility, aboutdisassembly. Rather amazing.
你也许不太相信印度教信仰。但这是个神奇的例子，值得人深思。在这里，人们耗费了巨大的力量与想象力，深知这个城市将会被逆转，将会被拆卸，将会消失，这是个短暂的特大城市，给我们上了一堂宝贵的课。这是一堂有关于如何尽可能靠近地表打造建筑，关于逆转，关于拆卸，令人惊奇万分。
06:16
And you know, we are, as humans, obsessedwith permanence. We resist change. It's an impulse that we all have. And weresist change in spite of the fact that change is perhaps the only constant inour lives. Everything has an expiry date, including Spaceship Earth, ourplanet.
要知道作为人类，我们都沉迷于永恒。我们抗拒改变。这是一种所有人共有的天性。我们抗拒改变，哪怕事实上改变才是我们生活中的常态。所有东西都有期限，包括宇宙飞船一样的地球，也就是我们的星球。
06:38
So what can we learn from these sorts ofsettlements? Burning Man, of course much smaller, but reversible. Or thethousands of markets for transaction, that appear around the globe in Asia,Latin America, Africa, this one in Mexico, where the parking lots are animatedon the weekends, about 50,000 vendors, but on a temporal cycle. The farmer'smarket in the Americas: it's an amazing phenomenon, creates new chemistries,extends the margin of space that is unused or not used optimally, like parkinglots, for example.
那我们从这些建造过程中能学到什么呢？ 就如火人节，规模要更小一些，但是同样能逆转。或者出现在全球各地的成千上万的交易市场，在亚洲、拉丁美洲、非洲，图中这个在墨西哥，一到周末停车场就被调用起来，可以容纳5万个摊位，这只是一个临时的区域。美洲大陆上的农贸市场：这是一种不可思议的现象，催化出了新的化学反应，使得空间得以延伸，这是未被使用或者未被充分利用的地方，如停车场。
07:17
In my own city of Mumbai, where I practiceas an architect and a planner, I see this in the everyday landscape. I callthis the Kinetic City. It twitches like a live organism; it's not static. Itchanges every day, on sometimes predictable cycles. About six million peoplelive in these kinds of temporary settlements. Like -- unfortunately, likerefugee camps, the slums of Mumbai, the favelas of Latin America. Here, thetemporary is becoming the new permanent. Here, urbanism is not about grandvision, it's about grand adjustment.
在我的城市孟买，我是一名建筑师，一名规划师，我每天都能看到这样的景色。我称之为“动态城市”。她像一个活生生的、转变中的有机体，并不是静态的，每天都在变化，以一种偶尔能被预测的周期在变化。大概有600万人口生活在这种临时的建筑中。举一个不太恰当的例子：类似难民营、孟买的贫民窟、拉丁美洲的贫民窟。在那些地方，临时正成为一种新的永恒。在那里，城市化并不是宏大的愿景，而是宏大的调整。
07:57
On the street in Mumbai, during the Ganeshfestival, a transformation. A community hall is created for 10 days. Bollywoodfilms are shown, thousands congregate for dinners and celebration. It's madeout of paper-mache and plaster of Paris. Designed to be disassembled, and in 10days, overnight, it disappears, and the street goes back to anonymity. Or ourwonderful open spaces, we call them maidans. And it's used for this incrediblynuanced and complicated, fascinating Indian game, called cricket, which, Ibelieve, the British invented.
甘奈施节期间，在孟买的街道上会出现一个转变。一个为期10天的社区大堂建了起来，放映着宝莱坞电影，成千上万的人聚在一起吃饭，庆祝。这栋建筑是由纸浆和石膏做成的，可被拆卸的设计，十天以后，一夜之间消失不见，街道又恢复如初。又或者是那种美好的开放空间，被称为广场，用作板球运动的场地。板球是一种非常微妙又复杂的，非常好玩的印度游戏，我相信是英国人发明的。
08:36
(Laughter)
（笑声）
08:37
And in the evenings, a wedding wraps aroundthe cricket pitch -- Notice, the cricket pitch is not touched, it's sacredground.
傍晚时分，一场婚礼围绕在球场展开——请注意，板球场不能被碰到，那可是神圣的领域。
08:45
(Laughter)
（笑声）
08:46
But here, the club members and the weddingparty partake in tea through a common kitchen. And at midnight, it'sdisassembled, and the space offered back to the city. Here, urbanism is anelastic condition.
但是在那里，球队和婚礼派对在一个共同的厨房里一起喝茶。午夜的时候场地就会被拆卸，把占用的空间归还给城市。在这里，城市化是一种弹性的条件。
09:02
And so, if we reflect about thesequestions, I mean, I think many come to mind. But an important one is, are wereally, in our cities, in our imagination about urbanism, making permanentsolutions for temporary problems? Are we locking resources into paradigms thatwe don't even know will be relevant in a decade? This becomes, I think, aninteresting question that arises from this research.
如果我们回想一下这些问题，可能脑海里会浮现好几个。但是最重要的一个就是，在我们的城市里，我们是否凭着我们对城市化的设想，想要用永恒的方法来解决一时的问题？我们是否把资源固定成一种范式，甚至并不知道十年之后是否依然有用？这是在这项研究中，我提出的一个有趣的问题。
09:31
I mean, look at the abandoned shoppingmalls in North America, suburban North America. Retail experts have predictedthat in the next decade, of the 2,000 malls that exist today, 50 percent willbe abandoned. Massive amount of material, capturing resources, that will not berelevant soon.
看看在北美郊区那些被遗弃的购物广场。零售专家预测在10年之后，现存的2000个购物广场中，百分之五十会被遗弃。这里面庞大的材料，获取的资源，很快就没用了。
09:53
Or the Olympic stadiums. Around the globe,cities build these under great contestation with massive resources, but afterthe games go, they can't often get absorbed into the city. Couldn't these benomadic structures, deflatable, we have the technology for that, that getgifted to smaller towns around the world or in those countries, or are storedand moved for the next Olympics? A massive, inefficient use of resources.
或者世界各地的奥林匹克竞技场，各大城市动用庞大的资源竞相建造，但是奥运会一过，这些竞技场往往不能融入到城市。为什么我们不能将其变成可移动的、可收缩的建筑，我们有这样的技术，把它送给下届主办国或世界上其他更小的城镇，又或者收藏起来移交到下一场奥运会？这个资源利用庞大且低效。
10:24
Like the circus. I mean, we could imagineit like the circus, this wonderful institution that used to camp in cities, setup this lovely kind of visual dialogue with the static city. And within it, theamazement. Children of different ethnic groups become suddenly aware of eachother, people of color become aware of others, income groups and cultures andethnicities all come together around the amazement of the ring with animals andperformers. New chemistries are created, people become aware of things, andthis moves on to the next town. Or nature, the fluxes of nature, climatechange, how do we deal with this, can we be more accommodating? Can we createsofter urban systems? Or are we going to challenge nature continuously withheavy infrastructure, which we are already doing, unsuccessfully?
其实就像马戏团一样。我们可以把她想象成一个马戏团，这个过去驻扎在城市的美好的设施，在静态的城市中所建立起的美好的视觉对话，其中充斥着一种惊奇。不同民族的孩子们突然发现对方的存在，不同肤色的人们意识到其他人的存在，不同收入群体、不同文化、不同民族的人们 相聚在有动物和表演者的，令人惊叹的马戏场周围。新的化学反应产生，人们有所发现，而这一切将传递到下一个城镇。或者大自然，流动的自然，气候变化，我们是怎样处理的呢，我们可否变得更适应变化？我们可否创造更柔软的城市系统？还是说我们是否会沿用那些刻板的基础建设，用已经在进行却不太成功的方式继续不断挑战自然？
11:18
Now, I'm not arguing that we've got to makeour cities like a circus, I'm not arguing that cities must be completelytemporary. I'm only making a plea that we need to make a shift in ourimagination about cities, where we need to reserve more space for uses on atemporal scale. Where we need to use our resources efficiently, to extend theexpiry date of our planet. We need to change planning urban design cultures, tothink of the temporal, the reversible, the disassembleable. And that can betremendous in terms of the effect it might have on our lives.
我不是在争辩要把自己的城市变成马戏团，也不是在劝说城市都应该全变成临时的。我只是在提出一个请求，应该转变一下我们对城市的设想，我们需要保留更多的空间，保留一些供临时用途的空间。在这些空间里我们需要有效地利用资源，去延长我们星球的寿命。我们需要改变对城市设计文化的规划，想想那些临时的、可逆转的，可拆卸的规划。这样的规划可能意义重大，就其影响力而言，可能影响我们的生活。
11:56
I often think back to the Kumbh Mela that Ivisited with my students and I studied, andthe city had been disassembled. A week after the festival was over.There was no mark. The terrain was waiting to be covered over by the water, tobe consumed. And I went to thank a high priestess who had helped us and mystudents through our research and facilitated us through this process. And Iwent to her with great enthusiasm, and I told her about how much we had learnedabout infrastructure, the city, the efficiency of the city, the architecture,the five materials that made the city. She looked really amused, she wassmiling. In any case, she leaned forward and put her hand on my head to blessme. And she whispered in my ear, she said, "Feel blessed that the MotherGanges allowed you all to sit in her lap for a few days."
我常常回想起我和学生们一起参加的大壶节，我在那里做研究，当时整个城市被拆卸，就在节庆结束的一周后。并没有留下任何痕迹。整个地带正等待着被河水淹没，等待被吞噬。我去向一名女祭司道谢，在研究期间她帮助了我和学生的研究，指导着我们经历整个节庆过程。我满怀热情走向她，我跟她说我们学习到了很多东西，有关于基础设施、城市、还有城市的运转效率，建筑物、打造城市的五种材料。她看起来像是被逗乐了，微笑着。她开始身体前倾，把一只手放在我头上，予以我祝福。接着她在我耳旁小声说道，“恒河母亲允许你们在她的膝盖上待上几天，这是对你们的眷顾。”
12:57
I've often thought about this, and ofcourse, I understood what she said. She said, cities, people, architecture willcome and go, but the planet is here to stay. Touch it lightly, leave a minimalmark. And I think that's an important lesson for us as citizens and architects.And I think it was this experience that made me believe that impermanence isbigger than permanence and bigger than us all.
自那以后我常常回想起这句话，当然我懂她的意思。她说的是，城市、人类和建筑都要经历生死轮回，只有星球是一直存在的。轻轻触碰，几乎不着痕迹。我想这对于作为居民和建筑师的大众来说是很重要的一课。我想正是这段经历让我相信暂时的状态比永恒更重要，比我们所有人都重要。
13:28
Thank you for listening.
谢谢你们的聆听。
13:29
(Applause)
（掌声）
