最早使用F-Word之一的手稿是在鼠疫时期发现的

最早使用F-Word之一的手稿是在鼠疫时期发现的

A medieval “rap battle” written during the 16th-century plague contains one of the earliest known uses of the F-word.

一个写于16世纪瘟疫时期的中世纪“说唱之战”包含了这个词最早的用法。

Known collectively as the Bannatyne Manuscript, the anthology was collected and written in the last three months of 1568 when Scottish merchant and student George Bannatyne was in lockdown in Edinburgh, Scotland, following an outbreak of the plague. Hidden away in his country retreat, five centuries later Bannatyne would be celebrated for his “anthology of poetry” that today contains one of the oldest known recorded uses of the F-bomb.

这部合称《班纳廷手稿》的选集是在1568年的最后三个月里完成的，当时苏格兰商人兼学生乔治·班纳廷因瘟疫爆发被关押在苏格兰爱丁堡。5个世纪后，Bannatyne隐藏在他的乡间别墅里，以他的“诗歌选集”而闻名。今天，这本选集收录了最古老的F-bomb用法。

Madison Dapcevich

A documentary aired by BBC Scotland features the F-word. In the documentary, Dr Joanna Kopaczyk, a historical linguistics expert from Glasgow University, calls it “some very juicy language,” reports The Scotsman.

英国广播公司(BBC)在苏格兰播出的一部纪录片中使用了这个词。据《苏格兰人报》报道，在这部纪录片中，格拉斯哥大学的历史语言学专家乔安娜·科帕奇克博士称其为“非常有趣的语言”。

The manuscript also contains the work from around 40 featured authors. Many of the pieces are found in other manuscripts or earlier printed sources, but the “collection as a whole is of unique importance,” notes the archives. In addition to the F-bomb, the manuscript also contains some of the best work from the country’s most important poets and, in some cases, remains the only record of some poems, fables, and religious verses.

手稿中还包含了大约40位著名作家的作品。许多作品是在其他手稿或更早的印刷资料中找到的，但档案馆指出，“作为一个整体的收藏具有独特的重要性。”除了F-bomb，手稿还包含了一些来自这个国家最重要的诗人的最好的作品，在某些情况下，仍然是一些诗歌、寓言和宗教诗句的唯一记录。

“The Bannatyne Manuscript is a collection of some 400 poems compiled by the young Edinburgh merchant George Bannatyne in the last months of 1568 when an outbreak of plague in Edinburgh compelled him to stay indoors. It is one of the most important surviving sources of Older Scots poetry. The manuscript remained in his descendants’ possession until they gifted it to the Advocates Library – the National Library’s predecessor – in 1772,” a spokesperson from the National Library of Scotland (NLS) told IFLScience in an email.

《班纳廷手稿》是大约400首诗歌的合集，由年轻的爱丁堡商人乔治·班纳廷在1568年的最后几个月里编纂而成，当时爱丁堡爆发的瘟疫迫使他呆在家里。它是现存的最重要的苏格兰古诗的来源之一。苏格兰国家图书馆(NLS)的一位发言人在电子邮件中告诉IFLScience:“这份手稿一直保存在他的后代手中，直到他们在1772年将它赠给提倡者图书馆——国家图书馆的前身。”

Though it's not the oldest recorded use of the F-word – that credit goes to a man by the name of Roger Fuckebythenavele who dropped the F-bomb in a 1310 courtroom, according to The Independent. Around two centuries later, the expletive makes its appearance in William Dunbar’s epic poem, "The Flytings Dunbar and Kennedie" – the medieval equivalent of a modern-day rap battle.

据《独立报》报道，尽管这并不是有记录以来最早使用“f”这个词的人——这要归功于一个名叫罗杰·福克斯比·特纳维尔的人，他在1310年的法庭上说了一个F-bomb。大约两个世纪后，咒骂语出现在威廉·邓巴的史诗《邓巴与肯尼迪的飞行》中——中世纪的说唱之战。

“It has long been known that the manuscript contains some strong swearwords that are now common in everyday language, although at the time, they were very much used in good-natured jest. In particular, the 'Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie,' a great slanging match between the poets William Dunbar and Walter Kennedie, has been infamous for giving us [one of] the earliest known examples of these terms in written form,” said the spokesperson.

人们早就知道，这份手稿中含有一些如今在日常语言中很常见的脏话，尽管在当时，这些脏话多用于善意的玩笑中。特别值得一提的是，诗人威廉•邓巴和沃尔特•肯尼迪之间的一场恶语大战——《邓巴与肯尼迪的对决》——臭名昭著，因为它以书面形式为我们提供了已知最早的这类词汇的例子之一，”这位发言人表示。

Europe saw several waves of the plague between the 6th and 17th centuries, and Scotland was no different. Quarantine measures put in place resemble some of those seen today, including self-isolation and 40-day quarantines on goods imported from places where the plague was known to persist, according to the NLS. Many Europeans believed that the plague was a punishment from God until the 19th century when it was discovered that a bacterium known as Yersinia pestis carried by rodent fleas was responsible.

欧洲在6世纪到17世纪之间经历了几次瘟疫，苏格兰也不例外。国家劳工统计局说，目前采取的检疫措施与今天看到的一些措施类似，包括自我隔离和对从已知鼠疫持续存在的地区进口的货物实施40天的检疫。许多欧洲人认为鼠疫是上帝的惩罚，直到19世纪才发现由啮齿动物蚤携带的耶尔森氏鼠疫杆菌是罪魁祸首。

The Bannatyne Manuscript contains a collection of poetry from more than 40 authors, one of which records one of the earliest written uses of the f-word. NLS