佛教常识_佛涅槃前后的情形是怎样？

What were the circumstances immediately before and after the Buddha's Nibbāna?
佛涅槃前后的情形是怎样？

The Buddha had been very sick when in Vesālī. After the Rainy Season Retreat (Vassa) in Vesālī he went with his disciples towards the northwest. On the way he had food offered by the blacksmith Cunda and became seriously ill. Finally he reached the bank of a river in Kusiṇāra. After taking a bath he lay on his right side with his head resting on his right hand, on a hammock placed among four pairs of sala trees. Subsequently, all the recumbent (Sleeping) Buddha statues or the statues of the Buddha's Nibbāna have been modeled in this posture. The Buddha informed his disciples of the approach of his Nibbāṇa, and all his disciples watched over him. At night, a Brahmin scholar named Subhadda came to see the Buddha. When Ananda tried to stop him, the Buddha called Subhadda to his bedside and preached a discourse for him, so Subhadda became the last disciple of the Buddha's lifetime. From the time he left Vesālī on the journey, the Buddha preached to his disciples many times and at midnight when he was about to die, he told them for the last time, "You should not think that you no longer have a teacher. Rather you should regard the teachings (Dhamma) as your teacher. Be diligent in striving for salvation. Never be indolent."
佛在毗舍离城的时候，已经有了重病，在那里度过雨季后，偕弟子们向西北走去，路上受了铁匠纯陀（Cunda）供献的食品，病更加剧。最后走到拘尸那伽一条河边，洗了澡，在一处四方各有两棵娑罗树的中间安置了绳床，枕着右手侧身卧着。后来所有卧佛像（即佛涅槃像）都是这样的姿式。佛告知弟子们将要涅槃，弟子都守候着。夜间有婆罗门学者须跋陀罗（Subhadda）去见佛，阿难陀想挡住他，佛知道了，唤他到床前为他说法，于是须跋陀罗成了佛的最后的弟子。佛在毗舍离临出发前和在途中为弟子们作了多次的教诲，到了那天半夜逝世前又最后嘱咐弟子不要以为失去了导师，应当以法为师，要努力精进，不要放逸。

　 After the Buddha's death, his body was cremated. The remains were divided into eight portions by Magadha, the Sākya, and other states and then enshrined in thūpas constructed in the eight states. By the 3rd century BC a portion of the Buddha's Sarīra enshrined in Buddhagayā in Magadha was taken out by King Aśoka and was divided into many portions to be stored in thūpas in different places. In 1898, archeologists discovered a Sarīra thūpa on the southern border of Nepal when they excavated an ancient location of Kapilavatthu. Inside the thūpa they found stone vases, urns and other articles. One of the vases was kept in an urn made of layers of iron and crystal. In the vase there was a golden flower with the Buddha's bones placed on it. The inscription on the urn indicates that this is the Buddha's Sarīra enshrined by the Sākyas.
佛逝世后，遗体举行火化。摩揭陀国人和释迦族等八国将佛的舍利分为八份，各在他们的本土上建塔安奉。其中摩揭陀国安奉在菩提伽耶的一份，到公元前三世纪，被阿育王取出，分成许多份送到各地建塔。1898年，考古家在尼泊尔南境发掘迦毗罗国故址，发现一舍利塔，塔内藏有石瓶石函等物；有一瓶放在铁和水晶层迭的函内，里面有黄金花，花上安放着佛骨。从函上刻的文字知道这就是释迦族供养的佛的舍利。