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双语·检索:访问大脑中的记忆

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2022年07月26日

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Retrieval: Accessing Memories in Your Brain
检索:访问大脑中的记忆

Retrieval is the mechanism of accessing information stored in memory. Successful retrieval of a memory trace hinges on its associations with cues. A cue is anything that is connected to the memory trace (physical object, situation, time period, word, question). Scientists believe that memories are retrieved through the process of ‘spreading activation’. Once a cue is activated in the brain, the activation spreads from the cue to the target memory. A single memory trace can be connected to an infinite number of cues. If none of the relevant cues is activated, the memory trace cannot be retrieved, even though it may be well stored in memory.
检索是访问记忆中存储信息的机制。记忆痕迹的成功检索取决于它与线索的联系。线索指的是与记忆痕迹相联系的任何事物(可以是有形的物体、情境、时间段、单词、问题)。科学家认为,记忆是通过“激活扩散”的过程来检索的。当一个线索在大脑中被激活以后,激活信号就会从线索传递到目标记忆。一个记忆痕迹可以与无数线索相连。如果任何相关的线索都没有被激活,那么即使完好无缺地存储在记忆中,对应的记忆痕迹也无法被检索到。

As an example, try to remember the capitals of the following countries while covering the rest of the page:
例如,盖住本页的其余部分,试着回想下列国家的首都:

·South Korea
·韩国

·Syria
·叙利亚

·Denmark
·丹麦

·Colombia
·哥伦比亚

·Afghanistan
·阿富汗

·Thailand
·泰国

·Venezuela
·委内瑞拉

·Turkey
·土耳其

Could you remember all of the capitals? Do you feel that you know their names and may be able to remember them later? You may be experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: you know that you know something but still can't remember it. Now try the same exercise with a little help:
你能想起所有这些首都吗?有没有感到自己知道它们的名字,也许过会儿就能想起来?你或许也遇到过这种就在嘴边却说不出来的现象:你知道自己知道某件事,但依然无法想起来。下面试着在一点小帮助下再做同样的练习:

·South Korea S
·韩国 首

·Syria D
·叙利亚 大

·Denmark C
·丹麦 哥

·Colombia B
·哥伦比亚 波

·Afghanistan K
·阿富汗 喀

·Thailand B
·泰国 曼

·Venezuela C
·委内瑞拉 加

·Turkey A
·土耳其 安

Did you remember all of them now? You most likely remembered more of them. This is because the starting letter functions as a suitable cue that is connected to the capital's name. When the cue is provided, the memory trace storing the capital's name becomes automatically activated.
现在你记起它们了吗?很可能这回记起了更多,因为第一个字就是一个合适的线索,关联到首都的名称。提供了这个线索后,存储首都名称的记忆痕迹自动就被激活了。

How does the process of retrieval function and what are its implications for learning? What can we do to maximize our chances of successfully retrieving information?
检索记忆的过程是如何工作的?对于学习又有什么启示呢?我们能够做些什么来尽可能增加成功检索信息的几率呢?

——节选自《记忆的科学》


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