英语阅读 学英语,练听力,上听力课堂! 注册 登录
> 轻松阅读 > 英语漫读 >  内容

双语·检索失败:如果考试时卡壳了怎么办

所属教程:英语漫读

浏览:

2022年09月25日

手机版
扫描二维码方便学习和分享

Retrieval failure: What to do if you get stuck in an exam
检索失败:如果考试时卡壳了怎么办

Retrieval failure or the failure to remember a memory trace can have multiple reasons. One reason can be a lack of attention during study. Researchers have found that students who do a secondary task while studying underperform in a later test by as much as 30-50% compared to students who focus on one thing at a time. These results suggest that multi-tasking – doing of many activities at once – is particularly harmful to learning.
检索失败或者无法回想起一个记忆痕迹,可能有许多原因。一个原因可能是在学习时注意力不够。研究人员发现,在学习的同时做其他事情的学生,在日后测试中的表现比一次只专注一件事的学生差30%~50%。这个结果表明,多任务处理——同时做许多件事——对于学习非常有害。

Another reason for retrieval failure is an insufficient number of activated cues. Cues are pieces of information which are connected to the target memory trace and which must be activated for the memory trace to be retrieved (for more more detailed explanation of context cues, see sections on Retrieval and Interference).
导致检索失败的另一个原因是激活线索数量不足。线索是与目标记忆痕迹相联系的信息,要检索记忆痕迹,必须先激活它们(关于背景线索的更详细说明,参见检索与干扰部分)。

Activation from the cue to the target memory trace spreads faster if more cues are activated simultaneously. As a demonstration, try the following little experiment:
如果有许多线索被同时激活,从线索到目标记忆痕迹的激活就会传播得更快。为了说明这一点,试试下面这个小实验:

Think of the name of any kind of supernatural creature.
想任何一种超自然生物的名字。

Now think of a supernatural creature that rhymes with ‘post’.
现在想一种发音与“悔”押韵的超自然生物。

Did you think of ‘ghost’ on the first time or only after the second question? The first question gave you only one cue, which led to multiple possible target memories. For instance, you may have thought of fairies, gnomes, angels and the like. The second question gave you 2 cues. These two cues jointly generated enough activation of the word ‘ghost’ that far surpassed the activation of other concepts. Therefore, the word ‘ghost’ was retrieved.
你一下子就想到了“鬼”还是在第二个问题之后才想到的?第一个问题只给了你一个线索,可以指向多个可能的目标记忆。例如,你可能想到了仙女、土地神、天使,诸如此类。第二个问题给了你两个线索,它们共同产生了足够的激活让你想起“鬼”这个词,远远超过对其他概念的激活。因此,“鬼”这个词被检索出来。

Consider another example from everyday life: You decide to return a book to the library while sitting at the kitchen table. Later, as you pass the library on your way from school, you forget to return the book. However, when you come back home and see the kitchen table, you suddenly remember. Memory traces are encoded together with the context present at encoding. Although the library would surely be a far more relevant context cue than a kitchen table, it was the kitchen table – not the library – that was present during encoding and thus encoded with the intention.
再考虑一个我们每天生活中都会遇到的例子:你坐在厨房餐桌旁时决定把一本书还到图书馆。后来你在上学路上经过图书馆时忘了还书,可是当你回到家,看到厨房的餐桌,突然就想起这回事了。记忆痕迹是和编码时的背景一起被编码的。尽管图书馆显然是比厨房餐桌更相关的背景线索,但在记忆编码时出现的是厨房餐桌而不是图书馆,因此它和还书被编码在了一起。

When you are forming an intention, it is very useful to imagine yourself doing the desired action in the desired context as vividly as possible. For instance, visualize yourself passing the library, entering the building and returning the book. Focus on the details – which objects/buildings are you likely to notice on your way round the library? By doing this, you connect the cue of passing the library (and the surrounding objects) to the intention. When you later pass the library, it will automatically trigger the intention.
当你有一个打算时,尽可能生动地想象自己正在一个理想的环境下做那件事是非常有用的。例如,想象你自己路过图书馆,进入那幢楼,然后还书。关注细节——你在图书馆周边可能注意到哪些物体/建筑?通过这样做,你就将路过图书馆(以及周遭的物体)这个线索与还书这个目的联系了起来。之后当你路过图书馆时,就会自动触发这个目的。

If you are struggling to remember an important concept during your exam, you need to activate as many connected cues as possible. For instance, try visualizing yourself in the context of studying. Be as vivid as possible – imagine yourself with an open textbook, taking notes, sitting at your desk. Simply imagining the context of encoding can be helpful to generate enough activation to successfully retrieve the memory trace.
如果在考试期间难以回想起一个重要的概念,那么你需要激活尽可能多的相关线索。例如,试着想想自己正处于复习的环境下,尽可能生动——想象你面对着打开的课本,坐在书桌旁,正在记笔记。仅仅只是想象编码的环境,就有助于产生足够的激活来成功检索到记忆痕迹。

Also, try to remember the details of the context in which you studied the particular concept you are struggling with (such as what page it was in the book, what other concepts you studied before and after this concept). Note that for successful retrieval it is important to activate the connected cues.
同样,试着回忆你在学习这个一时想不起来的概念时所处环境的细节(例如在课本的哪一页,在这个概念前后你还学习了哪些其他概念)。注意,要成功检索记忆,激活相关联的线索非常重要。

Since our memories work like snapshots (everything that is present during encoding is encoded together with the memory trace), these cues can either be relevant (such as related concepts) or even completely irrelevant (such as the time of day or even what you had for lunch around the time of study, etc.).
由于你的记忆就像快照一样工作(编码时出现的一切都和记忆痕迹一起被编码),因此这些线索可以是相关的(例如有关联的概念),甚至也可以是完全无关的(例如是什么时候学习的,甚至可以是当时午饭吃了什么等等)。

In summary, we recommend the following:
总结起来,我们推荐以下做法:

·To better remember to do something in a particular place and time in the future, visualize yourself vividly doing it (e.g. imagine yourself passing the library and returning the book)
·为了将来更好地记得在某个时间地点做某件事,可以生动地想象你自己正在做那件事(例如,想象你路过图书馆,并归还图书)。

–visualize the details of the context where you need to remember the intention (objects, buildings, people)
·想象你需要想起做这件事时的环境细节(物体、建筑、人)。

·If you cannot remember a particular concept that you studied during your exam:
·如果你在考试时无法想起学过的某个概念:

–Actively remember as many concepts as possible which are related to this concept
·尽可能多地积极回想与之相关的概念。

–Actively remember as many concepts as possible which you studied before and after this concept
·尽可能多地积极回想在其前后学习的概念。

–Visualize yourself in the context of studying (sitting at the desk in your room, etc.)
·想象自己在学习时所处的情境(坐在房间的书桌前等等)。

–Try to remember what time and where you studied the concept, what kind of mood you were in and what had happened on that day
·试着回想你是在什么时间、什么地点学习这个概念的,当时心情如何,那天发生了什么。

——节选自《记忆的科学》


用户搜索

疯狂英语 英语语法 新概念英语 走遍美国 四级听力 英语音标 英语入门 发音 美语 四级 新东方 七年级 赖世雄 zero是什么意思哈尔滨市电业鑫区英语学习交流群

网站推荐

英语翻译英语应急口语8000句听歌学英语英语学习方法

  • 频道推荐
  • |
  • 全站推荐
  • 推荐下载
  • 网站推荐