英语六级考试——写作真题选析之解决问题型

二、解决问题型

(一)题型描述

　　 这种类型的作文主题一般是目前社会上存在的问题,而且提纲中一般会要求考生写出问题的解决办法,因此称为“解决问题型”。属于这一类的真题包括2010年6月、2008年12月、2005年6月、2003年1月、2000年1月、1999年1月、1998年1月的真题。其实2012年12月的考题之一也可以分到该类。

(二)真题示例

　　 2005年6月真题

　　 Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Say No to Pirated Products.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:

　　 1.目前盗版的现象比较严重

　　 2.造成这种现象的原因及其危害

　　 3.我们应该怎么做

　　 Useful words and expressions:

　　 盗版:piracy(n.)

　　 盗版产品:pirated products

　　 知识产权:intellectual property rights

　　 侵犯版权:infringe sb's copyright;copyright infringement

(三)整体构思

　　 此题提纲已经有非常明确的三点,而且非常自然,符合逻辑,这其实就是我们常说的一个问题的“三步走”,即提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。但如果第二段既分析原因又分析危害,可能导致第二段太长,而且给阅卷人造成困难,需要多花时间辨认文章从何处开始分析危害,或者有没有分析危害;另外也会造成段落内部主题不一致,不符合英语段落规范。因此可以把原因和危害分开写,将整篇文章写成四段:

　　 · 提出问题

　　 · 分析原因

　　 · 分析危害

　　 · 解决问题

　　 实际上,很多其他“解决问题型”的真题提纲就是按照这个步骤给的,因此,上述提纲可以作为“解决问题型”作文的共同思路。如果给的提纲只有两点而且难于扩展,就可以按照这个步骤对其进行补充。未给出提纲的“社会问题”类题目就更可以按照这四步写成四段了。当然,如果没有具体提纲,而又觉得原因或危害不好写,那也可以只写原因或只写危害,将整篇文章写成三段。

(四)分段写作

　　 下面讲解每一段的写作。

　　 第一段

　　 第一段“提出问题”其实不必写太多,两三句话交代一下问题就行。按照先总后分的原则,先总的交代一下“我们身边存在着盗版产品”这一问题,然后举出一些例子进行论述就可以。

　　 第二段

　　 文章的第二、三段其实更重要,应该是文章的主体。因此在构思上应该多花一些时间。关于“盗版现象的原因”,最容易想到的是“不法生产者为谋取暴利”。如果想不到其他的,既可以用举例的方式说说通过盗版可以赚取多少利润,也可用比较抽象的思考方式,即分类思维。如由“生产者的原因”想到其对立面“消费者的原因”,即贪图便宜或版权保护意识薄弱;或者由“盗版者”想到“被盗版者”,后者也是缺乏版权保护意识,或不善于维权。另外,还可以由“谋取暴利”这一“目的”,想到盗版“手段”,说说盗版技术很简单,很容易实现。另外,在“生产者”、“消费者”这种“民众”的原因基础上,想到“官方”的原因,即相关法律不够严厉,或执行不到位等。

　　 第三段

　　 有了第二段的原因,第三段“盗版现象的危害”就很好写了。同样可以写出对“生产者”和“消费者”的危害,前者如“原创人员或正品生产者版权受侵,利润受损”,后者如“消费者合法利益受损”等。还可能想到“破坏诚信、浪费资源”等对整个“社会和国家”的危害。这种有条理的思维方式可通过平时的经常练习和思考进行培养。要多积累,多模仿,使文章的思想内容更深刻,更有见地。

　　 第四段

　　 有了第二、三段的构思,第四段写起来就相当容易了。解决问题的方法也可以从“国家”和“民众”入手:国家立法、执法;民众提高版权保护意识。

(五)高分模板

　　 其实,通过这篇文章的写作,可以总结出很多“解决问题型”作文的模板,如下文中画线的部分:

　　 Say No to Pirated Products

　　 Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that piracy is a grave problem with which we are confronted.Taking a look around,we can find examples too numerous to list.In many places we see people peddling pirated books,songs and films.

　　 A number of factors could account for the problem,but the following might be the most critical ones.Firstly,pirated products are much cheaper than copyrighted ones,so they are very attractive to people,especially youngsters who are not financially well?off.Secondly,with highly developed technology,it is not difficult to manufacture pirated products.With one authorized copy,the illegal producers can make thousands of fake ones at a very low cost,thus making huge profits.

　　 Pirated products are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them.First and foremost,intellectual property rights are severely infringed upon.Honest producers will lose the motivation to develop new products.Meanwhile,pirated products are often of low quality,thus damaging the interest of lawful buyers.

　　 In view of the seriousness of this problem,effective measures must be taken before things get worse.First,it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of pirated products.Secondly,the public should enhance their awareness of protecting intellectual property rights.With proper laws and an alert public,it will only be a matter of time before pirated products become things of the past./ With these measures taken,it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.

　　 译文

　　 拒绝盗版产品

　　 人们都注意到,盗版已成为我们面临的一个严重的问题。环顾四周,我们可以发现例子不胜枚举。在很多地方我们都能看到有人兜售盗版的书籍、歌曲和电影。

　　 很多因素可以解释这一问题,但以下可能是最关键的几个。首先,盗版产品比正版的要便宜得多,所以对人们——尤其是经济上不是很富裕的年轻人——有很大的吸引力。第二,有了高度发达的技术,生产盗版产品并不是很难。不法生产者利用一个正版产品就可以以很低的成本制造出成千上万的假冒产品,从而获取暴利。

　　 如果我们继续漠视盗版产品,它们必将产生严重的后果。首先而且最重要的是,知识产权被严重侵犯。诚实生产者将失去开发新产品的动力。同时,盗版产品往往质量低劣,因而损害了合法购买者的利益。

　　 鉴于这个问题的严重性,必须采取有效措施,以防情况恶化。首先,至关重要的是制定和执行法律法规,以禁止盗版产品的生产和流通。其次,公众要增强知识产权保护意识。有了适当的法律和公众的警觉,消除盗版产品将只是一个时间问题。/随着这些措施的实行,我们就有理由相信,这一问题将会在不久的将来得到解决。

(六)学以致用

　　 套用上面这一模板就可以轻松地写出更多与这篇真题作文相似的文章,如:

　　 2010年6月真题

　　 Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:

　　 1.近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象

　　 2.出现这种现象的原因和后果

　　 3.为了改变这种状况,我认为……

　　 范文

　　 Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese

　　 Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that students ignoring the study of Chinese is a grave problem with which we are confronted.Taking a look around,we can find examples too numerous to list:some play truant from Chinese classes,some read few Chinese classics and some rarely write articles in Chinese.

　　 A number of factors could account for the problem,but the following might be the most critical ones.Firstly,the craze for learning English affect,to some degree,students'passion for the study of their native language.Secondly,the increasing emphasis on some so-called “practical courses” closely related to job hunting also cut into students'time and energy spent on the study of Chinese.

　　 The problem mentioned above is bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it.First and foremost,students'weakness in Chinese would lead to their ignorance of Chinese culture.Meanwhile,their problems with Chinese would also hamper their study of other subjects.

　　 In view of the seriousness of the problem,effective measures must be taken before things get worse.In the first place,it is essential that the school attach more importance to the teaching of Chinese.In the second place,students should enhance their awareness of the importance of mastering their mother tongue.Only with these measures taken can we expect the comprehensive development of students.

　　 译文

　　 应对中文学习给予应有的关注

　　 人们都注意到,学生忽视中文学习已成为我们面临的一个严重的问题。环顾四周,我们可以发现例子不胜枚举:一些学生上中文课时逃课,一些学生很少阅读中文经典书籍,还有一些几乎不怎么写中文文章。

　　 很多因素可以解释这一问题,但下面的可能是最关键的几个。首先,在某种程度上,对英语学习的狂热影响了学生学习本国语言的热情。其次,越来越强调一些与找工作密切相关的所谓 “实用课程”也减少了学生花在中文学习方面的时间和精力。

　　 如果我们继续漠视上述问题,它必将产生严重的后果。首先而且最重要的是,学生在中文方面的薄弱会导致他们在中国文化方面的无知。同时,他们在中文方面的问题也会妨碍他们其他科目的学习。

　　 鉴于这个问题的严重性,必须采取有效措施,防止情况恶化。首先,学校应该更加重视中文教学。其次,学生应该增强对于掌握母语的重要性的意识。只有随着这些措施的实行,我们才能期待学生的全面发展。

(七)模板变脸

　　 其实,好的写法绝不止一种,我们也可以总结出“解决问题型”作文的其他模板,如下面文章中画线的部分:

　　 Say No to Pirated Products

　　 There is no doubt that piracy has been a grave problem facing us.Taking a look around,we can find examples too many to enumerate.Reports about pirated books,songs and films are frequently heard or read on TV or the Internet.

　　 A variety of factors may have led to the problem,but the leading ones are as follows.For one thing,pirated products are much cheaper than copyrighted ones,so they are very attractive to people,especially youngsters who are not financially well?off.For another,with highly developed technology,it is not difficult to manufacture pirated products.With one authorized copy,the illegal producers can make thousands of fake ones at a very low cost,thus making huge profits.

　　 Piracy will definitely result in severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it.In the first place,intellectual property rights are severely infringed upon.Honest producers will lose the motivation to develop new products.In the second place,pirated products are often of low quality,thus damaging the interest of lawful buyers.

　　 Given the acuteness of this problem,effective steps must be adopted before the situation deteriorates.First,it is imperative that laws and regulations be enacted and executed to stop the manufacture and circulation of pirated products.Secondly,people should be educated to identify and refuse pirated commodities.With severe laws and a conscious public,it will only be a matter of time for piracy to be eradicated./ With these measures taken,we have every reason to believe that the problem will be remedied in the near future.

　　 译文

　　 拒绝盗版产品

　　 毫无疑问,盗版已成为我们面临的一个严重的问题。环顾四周,我们可以发现例子不胜枚举。在电视上和网上我们经常能听到或看到关于盗版书籍、歌曲和电影的报道。

　　 多种因素可以导致这一问题,但主要因素如下。首先,盗版产品比正版的要便宜得多,所以对人们——尤其是对经济上不是很富裕的年轻人——有很大的吸引力。其次,有了高度发达的技术,生产盗版产品并不是很难。有了一个正版产品,不法生产者就可以以很低的成本制造出成千上万的假冒产品,从而获取暴利。

　　 如果我们继续漠视盗版产品,它们必将造成严重的后果。其一,知识产权被严重侵犯。诚实的生产者将失去开发新产品的动力。其二,盗版产品往往质量低劣,因而损害了合法购买者的利益。

　　 鉴于这个问题的严重性,必须采取有效措施,防止情况恶化。首先,必须制定和执行法律法规,以禁止盗版产品的生产和流通。其次,应该教育人们识别和拒绝盗版商品。有了严厉的法律和有意识的公众,消除盗版将只是一个时间问题。 / 随着这些措施的实行,我们就有理由相信,这一问题将在不久的将来得到解决。

(八)变脸应用

　　 变脸应用1:

　　 2012年12月真题

　　 Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Maintaining Trust by commenting on the saying,“It takes years to build trust,and a few seconds to destroy it.” You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

　　 这道题固然可以分到后文将讲到的“名言警句型”,但因为有比较强的社会现实意义,所以也可以按照解决问题型思路写作。

　　 范文

　　 On Maintaining Trust

　　 There is no doubt that trust crisis has been a grave problem facing us.Taking a look around,we can find examples too many to enumerate.Reports about dishonesty are frequently heard or read on TV or the Internet.A case in point is that KFC,one of the most famous fast?food restaurants in the world,is being doubted in China because of its problematic chicken.Just as the saying goes,“It takes years to build trust,and a few seconds to destroy it.”

　　 A variety of factors may have led to the problem,but the leading ones are as follows.For one thing,there still lack powerful laws and their rigid enforcement in this country.As a result,dishonest deeds can be conducted at a rather low cost.For another,for this reason or that,the public are still unaccustomed to claiming their rights when cheated.Last but not least,the declining level of morality and the atmosphere of chasing money seem to have made it normal to gain profits by dishonest means.

　　 Given the acuteness of this problem,effective steps must be adopted before the situation deteriorates.First,it is imperative that laws and regulations be enacted and executed to stop various dishonest behaviors and maintain trust among society.Secondly,people should be educated to enhance their awareness of protecting their rights and upholding social justice.With proper laws and an alert public,it will only be a matter of time before trust crisis becomes a thing of the past.

　　 译文

　　 论维护信任

　　 毫无疑问,信任危机已经成为我们面临的一个严重的问题。环顾四周,我们可以发现这样的例子不胜枚举。在电视上和网上我们经常能听到或看到关于不诚实行为的报道。一个典型例证就是肯德基。作为全球最有名的快餐企业之一,它在中国却因为问题鸡肉而遭到怀疑。就像俗语所说的:“建立信任需要几年,毁掉信任却只需要几秒。”

　　 多种因素可以导致这一问题,但主要因素如下。首先,我国仍然缺乏有力的法律及其严格的执行,因此不诚实行为的成本相当低。第二,由于种种原因,公众受骗时仍然不习惯去主张自己的权利。最后,不断下降的道德水平以及追逐金钱的气氛似乎也使以不诚实的方式牟利变得很正常。

　　 鉴于这个问题的严重性,必须采取有效措施,防止情况恶化。首先,必须制定和执行法律法规,以禁止不诚实的行为,维护社会诚信。其次,应该教育人们提高保护自身权利、维护社会正义的意识。有了严厉的法律和有意识的公众,消除信任危机将只是一个时间问题。

　　 变脸应用2:

　　 2008年12月真题

　　 Directions:For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled College Students'Mental Health.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.

　　 1.心理健康对于大学生很重要

　　 2.鉴于此,学校可以……

　　 3.我们自己应该……

　　 这个话题固然可以使用上述模板里面的某些部分,但不能全用,因为该题的提纲要求与我们前面总结的写作步骤不完全一致,其中并未要求写问题的原因,也没有明确要求写危害(尽管在第一段可以提及心理问题对大学生的危害,来证明心理健康的重要性)； 但解决问题的提纲却给了两点,一般要各写一段,如范文所示:

　　 范文

　　 College Students` Mental Health

　　 There is no doubt that mental disorder has been a grave problem facing college students.Taking a look around,we can find examples too many to enumerate.Reports about students committing suicide are frequently heard or read on TV or the Internet.This phenomenon will definitely result in severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it.In other words,mental health is of vital importance to college students.

　　 Given the acuteness of this problem,effective steps must be adopted before the situation deteriorates.First,it is imperative that due attention be paid by colleges to students'mental health.In the first place,lectures on psychological health should be frequently given to students to prevent problems from happening.In the second place,psychological clinics should be set up to provide troubled students with timely help.

　　 Meanwhile,students should be educated to keep the channel of communication open among themselves and between them and their teachers and parents.Besides,in case of mental illness,we should not hesitate to go to psychological counselors for help.With these measures taken,we have every reason to expect the sound growth of college students.

　　 译文

　　 大学生心理健康

　　 毫无疑问,心理疾病已成为大学生面临的一个严重的问题。环顾四周,我们可以发现这样的例子不胜枚举。在电视上和网上我们经常能听到或看到关于学生自杀的报道。如果我们继续漠视这一现象,它必将造成严重的后果。换句话说,心理健康对大学生是至关重要的。

　　 鉴于这个问题的严重性,必须采取有效措施,防止情况恶化。首先,学校必须关注学生的心理健康。第一,应该经常举办心理健康讲座来防患于未然。第二,应该开办心理诊所来为有问题的学生提供及时的帮助。

　　 同时,应该教育学生,使他们保持彼此之间以及与老师和家长之间的交流渠道畅通。另外,一旦有了心理疾病,我们不应该犹豫,而应该寻求心理咨询专家的帮助。只有采取这些措施,我们才能期待大学生健康成长。