历届世博会简况：法国1878年巴黎世博会英语介绍

       The third Paris World’s Fair, called an Exposition Universelle in French, was held from May 1 though to November 10, 1878. It celebrated the recovery of France after the 1870 Franco-Prussian War.

　　Construction

　　The buildings and the fairgrounds were somewhat unfinished on opening day, as political complications had prevented the French government from paying much attention to the exhibition until six months before it was due to open. However, efforts made in April were prodigious, and by June 1, a month after the formal opening, the exhibition was finally completed.

　　This exposition was on a far larger scale than any previously held anywhere in the world. It covered over 66 acres (267,000 m²); the main building in the Champ de Mars occupying 54 acres (219,000 m²). The French exhibits filled one-half of the entire space, with the remaining exhibition space divided among the other nations of the world. Germany was the only major country which was not represented, but there were a few German paintings being exhibited. The United States exhibition was headed by a series of commissioners, which included Pierce M. B. Young, a former United States Congressman and major general in the Confederate States Army, as well as other generals, politicians, and celebrities.

　　The United Kingdom, British India, Canada, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Cape Colony and some of the British crown colonies occupied nearly one-third of the space set aside for nations outside France. The United Kingdom’s expenditure was defrayed out of the consolidated revenue; each British colony defrayed its own expenses. The UK display was under the control of a royal commission, of which the Prince of Wales was president.

　　Displays

　　The exhibition of fine arts and new machinery was on a very large and comprehensive scale, and the Avenue des Nations, a street 730 metres in length, was devoted to examples of the domestic architecture of nearly every country in Europe and several in Asia, Africa and America. The "Gallery of Machines" was an industrial showcase of low transverse arches, designed by the engineer Henri de Dion (1828–78). Many of the buildings and statues were made of staff, a low-cost temporary building material invented in Paris in 1876, which consisted of jute fiber, plaster of Paris, and cement.

　　On the northern bank of the Seine River, worked constructed an elaborate palace at the tip of the Place du Trocadéro for the exhibition. It was a handsome "Moorish" structure, with towers 76 metres in height and flanked by two galleries. The building stood until 1937. On June 30, 1878, the completed head of the Statue of Liberty was showcased in the garden of the Trocadéro palace, while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars.

　　Among the many inventions on display was Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. Electric arc lighting had been installed all along the Avenue de l’Opera and the Place de l’Opera, and in June, a switch was thrown and the area was lit by electric Yablochkov arc lamps, powered by Zénobe Gramme dynamos[2]. Thomas Edison had on display a megaphone and phonograph. International juries judged the various exhibits, awarding medals of gold, silver and bronze. One popular feature was a human zoo, called a "negro village", composed of 400 "indigenous people".

　　Attendance

　　Over 13 million people paid to attend the exposition, making it a financial success. The cost of the enterprise to the French government, which supplied all the construction and operating funds, was a little less than a million English Pounds, after allowing for the value of the permanent buildings and the Trocadero Palace, which were sold to the city of Paris. The total number of persons who visited Paris during the time the exhibition was open was 571,792, or 308,974 more than came to the French metropolis during 1877, and 46,021 in excess of the visitors during the previous exhibition of 1867. In addition to the general impetus given to French trade, the revenue from customs and duties from the foreign visitors increased by nearly three million sterling compared with the previous year.

　　Concurrent with the exposition, a number of meetings and conferences were held to gain consensus on international standards. French writer Victor Hugo led the Congress for the Protection of Literary Property, which led to the eventual formulation of international copyright laws. Similarly, other meetings led to efforts to standardize the flow of mail from country to country. The International Congress for the Amelioration of the Condition of Blind People led to the worldwide adoption of the Braille System of touch-reading.

　　1878年巴黎世博会

　　1878年，法国巴黎世博会，法兰西人在展馆中陈示着旧石器时代的艺术品。西班牙游客索图拉感觉展品中骨雕和岩石上的图案似曾相识，与西班牙阿尔塔米拉岩洞中的符号十分相近。1879年索图拉携女儿来到阿尔塔米拉，在洞里穿行的女儿突然叫道："看呀，爸爸，这里有野牛！"黑暗的洞窟中，他们看到了彩绘在岩壁上的野牛和野鹿。于是，这些沉睡了15000年的人类历史最早的艺术品，被唤醒了。从此，索图拉与"阿尔塔米拉洞穴艺术"，共载史册。

　　基本信息

　　名称：第三届巴黎世界博览会

　　会期：1878年5月20日至1878年11月10日

　　参加国：36个

　　参观者：1615万

　　主题：农业、工业和艺术

　　类别：综合类　来源：考试大

　　总面积：75公顷

　　参观者： 16156626

　　投资成本：11054330.07美元

　　简介

　　1878年，法国巴黎世博会，法兰西人在展馆中陈示着旧石器时代的艺术品。西班牙游客索图拉感觉展品中骨雕和岩石上的图案似曾相识，与西班牙阿尔塔米拉岩洞中的符号十分相近。1879年索图拉携女儿来到阿尔塔米拉，在洞里穿行的女儿突然叫道：“看呀，爸爸，这里有野牛！”黑暗的洞窟中，他们看到了彩绘在岩壁上的野牛和野鹿。于是，这些沉睡了15000年的人类历史最早的艺术品，被唤醒了。从此，索图拉与“阿尔塔米拉洞穴艺术”，共载史册。

　　1876年美国费城世博会刚落下帷幕，仅隔两年即1878年又将在巴黎举办世博会。法国只是遵照自己当年的计划——每隔11年在法国举办一届世博会：1867、1878、1889在这么短的时间内连续举办世博会，引起了人们的争议。

　　声音一：这样会不会太过频繁？会不会不受欢迎？

　　法国人回答说：不会的。

　　声音二：我担心结果会糟糕。

　　法国人安慰说：别担心，亲爱的。

　　声音三：这样做明智吗？

　　法国人反问：上帝的归上帝，凯撒的归凯撒，您不这样认为吗？