非谓语结构长难句分类解析

非谓语结构长难句分类解析

1. This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.

【翻译演练】 　____________________

【参考译文】 　试图消除自己和读者之间的距离或试图用不了解自己的那些人的观点来研究自己塑造的人物形象会导致自己的毁灭：因为他已经开始为取悦别人写作了。

【结构分析】 　This temptation ( to cover the distance between himself and the reader ), ( to study his image in the sight of those ) (who do not know him), can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.句子主语是This temptation，谓语动词是can be，表语是his undoing；并列不定式短语to cover the distance...和to study his image...是主语temptation的后置定语，其中画线的介词短语between...是前面distance的后置定语，而画线的介词短语in...则是study的方式状语；those后面是who引导的定语从句，对其进行修饰。

【词汇精记】 　temptation 诱惑；to cover the distance between A and B 消除A和B之间的距离；image 形象；in the sight of sb. 用某人的立场或观点来看；undoing 毁灭，毁灭的原因。

2. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history.

【翻译演练】 　_____________________

【参考译文】 　在1925年前后，若把二三十页的信息提交给当时任何一个列强都足以改变世界历史的进程。

【结构分析】 　(Twenty or thirty pages of) information ( handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925) would have been sufficient to change the course of world history .此句话的主语是information，其前后的括号表达是其前后置定语，谓语是would have been，表语是sufficient，句末画线的不定式短语to change...是结果状语，修饰sufficient，表示其带来的结果。

【词汇精记】 　twenty or thirty pages of information 二三十页的信息；hand sth. to sb. 提交给某人某物；major world power 主要的世界强国；around 大约；be sufficient to do（相当于be enough to do） 足以做某事；course 过程，课程，（一道）菜，航向；the course of world history 世界历史的进程。

3. The only meals regularly taken together in Britain these days are at the weekend, among rich families struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness.

【翻译演练】 　__________________

【参考译文】 　现如今的英国，习惯性聚餐仅出现在周末的富有家庭里，他们竭尽全力想要保持住某种古老并象征着团结的东西。

【结构分析】 　The only meals ( regularly taken together in Britain these days) are at the weekend, among rich families ( struggling to retain something of the old symbol of togetherness).句子的主干是主系表结构：The only meals...are at the weekend, among rich families...，即主语是The only meals，谓语是系动词are，表语是介词短语at the weekend, among rich families；第一个括号中的regularly taken together...是过去分词短语作主语meals的后置定语，第二个括号中的struggling to...是现在分词短语作families的后置定语。

【词汇精记】 　meal 饭食；regularly 习惯地，规律地；these days 目前，眼下；struggle to do sth. 努力做某事；retain 保持住；symbol 象征；togetherness 团结。

4. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

【翻译演练】 　___________________

【参考译文】 　在这种转变中，那些用来解释历史研究领域中新证据形式的新方法丰富了传统的历史研究方法。

【结构分析】 　During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies ( designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study ).句子主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句：...methods were augmented by...；句首画线部位的During this transfer是时间状语，表示谓语动词发生的时间；括号中是过去分词短语designed to...作methodologies的后置定语，句末画线的介词短语in...是前面new forms of evidence的后置定语。

【词汇精记】 　transfer 转变；augment 充实，丰富；additional 额外的，附加的；methodology 研究法，方法论；designed to 被用来；interpret 阐释，解释，说明，口译；new forms of evidence 新的证据形式；in the historical study 在历史研究方面。

5. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

【翻译演练】 　__________________

【参考译文】 　人们回顾五年或十年前的情景时，很可能会对只有如此少的人从事网络经济感到奇怪。

【结构分析】 　People ( looking back 5 or 10 years from now) may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge .句子主干结构是：People...may well wonder why...，主语是People，其后面的looking back...是现在分词短语作people的后置定语，may well wonder是谓语部分，画线部分是why引导的名词性从句作宾语（即宾语从句）。

【词汇精记】 　look back on 回顾／回忆；may well do sth. 完全有理由做某事／很可能会做某事；plunge 仓促中跳／冒险；online 在线的；take the online plunge 从事网络冒险／从事网络经济。

6. The consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present.

【翻译演练】 　________________________

【参考译文】 　消费者将能够在一巨大的平板电视屏幕上选择自己想欣赏的任何比赛，这种电视屏幕完全占据了一面墙，且图像的清晰度也是目前无法想象的。

【结构分析】 　The consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen ( occupying the whole of one wall), (with images of a clarity) (which cannot be foreseen at present).句子的主语是The consumers，谓语是would be able to select，宾语是their view of the match，画线的介词短语on...是地点状语，表示谓语动词发生的地点；第一个括号中的occupying...是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰其前面的screen，第二个括号中的with...是介词短语作后置定语，亦修饰前面的screen，而句末括号中的表达则是which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词clarity。

【词汇精记】 　consumer 消费者；select 选择；gigantic 巨大的；flat screen 平板电视屏幕；occupy 占据；image 图像，形象；clarity 清晰度；foresee 预见；at present 目前。

7. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

【翻译演练】 　_____________________

【参考译文】 　天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

【结构分析】 　Astrophysicists ( working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments ) are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.句子主干结构是：Astrophysicists...are closing in on...and may report...；即主语是Astrophysicists，并列谓语是are closing in on和may report，它们的宾语分别是such structures和their findings；括号中的现在分词短语working with...是主语的后置定语，在此部分斜体表达...detectors和...instruments是并列的关系，都作其前面介词with的宾语。

【词汇精记】 　astrophysicist 天体物理学家；work with 使用；detect 探查，查明；ground-based detector 陆基探测器；the South Pole 南极；balloon 气球；bear 承载；instrument 仪器；balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器；close in on 正在逼近，包围；structures 结构，此处指代云系；findings （重大）发现。

8. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

【翻译演练】 　_____________________

【参考译文】 　在这些原因中，有些完全是来自社会需求的合理结果，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

【结构分析】 　Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.//Others are reasonable consequences ( of particular advances) ( in science) ( being to some extent self-accelerating).主干结构是两个对比句Some...are...reasonable results of...//Others are reasonable consequences of...；第二个句子中，consequences后面有连环定语：(of particular advances) (in science) (being to some extent self-accelerating)，这里面of...修饰consequences，in...修饰advances，being...是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰science。

【词汇精记】 　cause 起因；to some extent 在某种程度上；self-accelerating 自我加速；reasonable 合理的；consequence 后果；particular 具体的，特定的；advance 进步。

9. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.

【翻译演练】 　__________________

【参考译文】 　以帮助学生获取某种工作为目的的教育是职业教育，它所依据的理由和法律与普遍要求的义务教育所依据的理由是完全不同的。

【结构分析】 　An education (that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job) is a technical education, ( justified for reasons) (radically different from why education is universally required by law ).主干结构是An education...is a technical education...；句子的主语是An education，谓语是系动词is，表语是a technical education；主语后面的表达that aims at...是主语education的定语从句，其中that是从句的主语，aims at是从句谓语，动名词短语getting...是从句的宾语，此外getting采用接双宾语的形式get sb. sth.，即a student是getting的间接宾语，a certain kind of job是其直接宾语；句末括号表达justified for reasons是过去分词短语作非限制性定语，对前面的a technical education起补充说明的作用，相当于非限制性定语从句which is justified...的省略；radically different from...则是形容词短语作其前面reasons的后置定语，翻译时要做较大的调整，不可译为定语；在此还应关注画线部位why education...，是特殊疑问词why引导的名词性从句，作介词from的宾语（即宾语从句）。

【词汇精记】 　aim at 以……为目标；a certain 某一，某种；get a student a certain kind of job 帮助学生得到某份工作（get sb. sth.）；technical 技术的；justify 证明……的合理性；be justified for 因为……所以合理；radically 根本地，激进地；be radically different from 与……迥然不同；universally 普遍地；require 要求。

10. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

【翻译演练】 　____________________

【参考译文】 　在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包括生产资料所有权，还包括决定产品的价位和与其他私人个体签订协议等特定的权利。

【结构分析】 　In the American economy , the concept (of private property) embraces not only the ownership (of productive resources) but also certain rights, ( including the right) ( to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual).句子主干是the concept...embraces not only...but also...，即主语是the concept，谓语是embraces，宾语是not only...but also...连接的两个并列名词表达the ownership...和certain rights, In the American economy是句子的地点状语，括号中的表达是各自前面相关名词的后置定语； 现在分词短语including...是非限制性定语（相当于非限制性定语从句which includes...的省略），对前面的certain rights起补充说明的作用，最后括号中是两个并列的不定式短语to determine...or to make...作其前面the right的后置定语。

【词汇精记】 　concept 概念；private property 私人财产；embrace 包括，拥抱；ownership 拥有权；productive 生产性的；resource 资源；productive resource 生产资料；determine 决定，决心；contract 合同；make a free contract with 和……自由签订合同；private individual 私人个体。

11. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

【翻译演练】 　_________________

【参考译文】 　巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸理论得以保持其宇宙起源理论主导地位所必不可少的。

【结构分析】 　The existence (of the giant clouds) was virtually required for the Big Bang, (first put forward in the 1920s), to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.句子的主干结构是：The existence...was virtually required for..., to maintain...，即主语是The existence，谓语是was virtually required，介词短语for...是范围状语，句末的不定式短语是目的状语，两个状语都修饰谓语动词was required，分别表示其发生的范围和目的；第一个括号中的介词短语of...是主语The existence的后置定语，第二个括号中的first put forward in the 1920s则是过去分词短语作前面the Big Bang的非限制性定语，对前面名词起补充说明的作用。

【词汇精记】 　giant 巨人，巨大的；the giant cloud 巨大的（宇宙）云；virtually 事实上；the Big Bang 大爆炸理论；put forward 提出；in the 1920s 在二十世纪二十年代；maintain 保持；reign 统治，主权，朝代。

12. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning."

【翻译演练】 　____________________

【参考译文】 　五月十七日的会议讨论了这些建议，在对这些建议起草的前言中，Shapiro暗示说专家组成员已达成了广泛的一致，即认为“用成人核克隆技术生育婴儿是有悖于道德的”。

【结构分析】 　In a draft preface (to the recommendations), ( discussed at the 17 May meeting),//Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus (that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning .")本句主干为：In a..., Shapiro suggested that...，即主语是Shapiro，谓语是suggested，宾语是that引导的名词从句（即宾语从句），句首的介词短语In...是地点状语，表示谓语动作suggested发生的地点，其中括号里的to the recommendations是介词短语作前面preface的后置定语，而紧随其后括号里的discussed...则是过去分词短语作附加成分，相当于非限制性定语对前面的the recommendations进行补充说明；后面that引导的宾语从句在此句中是一个典型的主谓宾简单句结构：the pane是主语，had found是谓语，a broad consensus是宾语；宾语consensus后面的括号表达则是that引导的又一个名词从句，作consensus的同位语（即同位语从句），对consensus进行解释说明；在此同位语从句中，it是形式主语，不定式短语to attempt...（相当于名词）才是其代替内容，是从句真正的主语。

【词汇精记】 　draft 草稿；preface (to) 前言；panel 专家小组；a broad consensus 广泛的一致；morally 道德地；unacceptable 难以接受的；nuclear 核的，（尤指）原子核的；clone 克隆；adult nuclear cloning 成人核克隆技术。

13. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

【翻译演练】 　_______________________

【参考译文】 　这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

【结构分析】 　 Arguing from the view (that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect ), extremists (of this kind) think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice .本句主干结构是：Arguing from...，主语＋谓语＋宾语从句，即主语是extremists，谓语是think，宾语是画线部分that引导的名词从句（即宾语从句）；句首Arguing from...是现在分词短语作原因状语，表示谓语动词think发生的原因，其中the view后面的从句是that引导的名词性从句，作view的同位语（即同位语从句），解释view的内容；此外，此从句中的斜体部分in every...是从句的范围状语。

【词汇精记】 　Arguing from the view that... 从……观点来看；relevant 相关的；respect 方面；in every relevant respect 在各相关方面；extremist 极端主义者；lie 位于，躺；outside the area of 不在……范围；moral choice 道德（选择）问题。

14. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

【翻译演练】 　___________________________

【参考译文】 　把电脑引进学校是出于教育的原因还是职业的考虑，并不清楚。基于这样的一种混乱，电脑教育倡导者往往更加强调毕业生的就业前景，而不是他们的学业成绩。

【结构分析】 　 Banking on the confusion (between educational and vocational reasons) (for bringing computers into schools), computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.句子的主干是Banking on..., advocates often emphasize A over B; Banking on...是现在分词短语作原因状语，表示谓语动词emphasize发生的原因；第一个括号中的介词短语between...作其前面confusion的后置定语，第二个括号中的介词短语for...又作其前面reasons的后置定语。

【词汇精记】 　bank on（相当于be based on） 基于，以……为基础；the confusion between A and B 把A和B混淆；vocational 职业的；bring computers into schools 把电脑引进学校；advocate 提倡者；computered advocates 电脑教育倡导者；emphasize A over B 强调A胜过B；prospect 前途，前景；educational achievement 学业成绩。

15. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.

【翻译演练】 　___________________________

【参考译文】 　他的同事Michael Beer说，太多的公司机械地应用了工程重组，虽然削减了成本但却没有考虑到长期的盈利。

【结构分析】 　His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion , chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability .句子主干是主谓宾结构：His colleague...says that...；双逗号中间的Michael Beer是主语his colleague的同位语；that引导名词性从句，作谓语动词says的宾语（即宾语从句）；此从句中：主语是far too many companies，谓语是have applied，宾语是re-engineering，斜体in a mechanistic fashion是从句谓语动词have applied的方式状语，紧随其后的chopping out costs...是结果状语，表示谓语动词带来的结果，而句末斜体的介词短语without giving...则是作chopping out...的伴随状语。

【词汇精记】 　colleague 同事；apply (to) 应用；engineer 工程师；re-engineering 工程重组；mechanistic 机械的；in a...fashion （通过）以……方式；chop 砍，削；chop out cost 削减成本；give thought to 考虑；sufficient 足够的；long-term 长期的；profitability 盈利性。

16. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

【翻译演练】 　__________________________

【参考译文】 　Whorf由于对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，因而逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。

【结构分析】 　句子主干结构是： being interested in..., Whorf developed the idea that...；即主语是Whorf，谓语是developed，宾语是the idea，其后面的that引导的名词性从句是the idea的同位语（即同位语从句），对宾语内容进行解释；句首的Being...是现在分词短语作原因状语，表示谓语动词developed发生的原因。

【词汇精记】 　be interested in　对……感兴趣；develop the idea 形成这样的观点；habitual thought 习惯思维；determine 决定。

17. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

【结构分析】 　Furthermore, humans have the ability (to modify the environment) (in which they live), thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies .句子的主干为：humans have the ability..., thus subjecting ...；即主语是humans，谓语是have，宾语是the ability；宾语后面括号中是不定式短语to modify...作the ability的后置定语，紧随其后括号中是in which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the environment；句末则是现在分词短语subjecting...作结果状语，表示谓语动词have带来的结果。

【词汇精记】 　modify 改变；life form 生命形态；subject...to... 使……屈服于……；peculiar (to) 特有的，独特的；fancy 想象。

18. I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.

【翻译演练】 　_____________________________

【参考译文】 　从精神的角度说，我并不惧怕死亡，我所惧怕的是如何死亡，因为我曾目睹到人们在医院里垂死的情景：他们撕扯着氧气罩，挣扎着呼吸着氧气。

【结构分析】 　I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view , //but what I was afraid of was how I'd go , because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks .句子主干是but连接的并列句，在第一个分句中：主语是I，谓语是am not afraid of，宾语是动名词dying，斜体表达from...是范围状语，表示谓语动词发生的地点范围；第二个分句较复杂：what I was afraid of是名词从句作主语（即主语从句），谓语是系动词was, how I'd go是名词性从句作表语（即表语从句）；后面斜体部分是because引导的原因状语从句修饰动词was，在此原因状语从句中：主语是I，谓语是've watched，宾语是people，其后的die是宾语people的补足语（即宾语补足语），最后面的三个画线表达in the hospital、fighting...和clawing...分别作die的地点状语和伴随状语。

【词汇精记】 　spiritual 精神的；point of view 视角，观点；from a spiritual point of view 从精神的视角来看；how I'd go中的go是die的意思；fight for 为……奋斗／拼搏／挣扎；claw at 抓向；mask 面罩，面具；oxygen 氧气。

19. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open.

【翻译演练】 　________________________________

【参考译文】 　越来越多的这种信用卡能被自动识读，从而使得在分散的地方存取钱成为可能，无论当地的分行是否开门营业。

【结构分析】 　More and more of these credit cards can be read (automatically), ( making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations), (whether or not the local branch bank is open).本句实际上是带多重状语的简单句，主语是More and more of these credit cards，谓语是can be read, automatically是方式状语，表示谓语动词can be read发生的方式；making it possible...是现在分词短语作结果状语，表示谓语can be read带来的结果，其中it是形式宾语，指代后面的不定式短语to withdraw...（相当于名词）；但句末的whether or not...则是让步状语从句，修饰making，来加强其语气，表示强调。

【词汇精记】 　credit 信誉，信用；credit card 信用卡；automatically 自动地；withdraw 撤退，领取；deposit 沉淀，放置，存放；scattered 被分散了的；location 地点；local 当地的，地方的；branch bank 分／支行。

20. The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　机械工坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔子、轱辘等东西中间时，就应该像诗人坐在字母表的字母里一样，把它们视作是自己思想的展示，在此过程中每一个新的排列组合即可传递一种新的思想。

【结构分析】 　The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet (among the letters of the alphabet), considering them as an exhibition (of his thoughts), (in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea).此句的主语是The mechanic，谓语是should sit down，后面有三个状语成分（画线部分）对谓语动作进行修饰：介词短语among...为地点状语，介词短语like...是方式状语，现在分词短语considering...作伴随状语，它们分别表示sit down这一动作发生的地点、方式和伴随状况；句末括号中是in which引导的非限制性定语从句，对前面句子内容进行补充说明；此外，该句中其他的括号表达皆是后置定语，修饰前面的相关名词。

【词汇精记】 　mechanic 机械工；letter 字母，信件；alphabet 字母表；consider...as... 把……视作；transmit 传递，表达；arrangement 安排，摆放；lever 杠杆；screw 螺丝；wedge 楔子；wheel 轱辘，轮子。

21. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　在思考记忆的进化及其相关方面时，对记忆力不衰退将会带来什么样的影响进行思考是有益的。

【结构分析】 　In thinking about the evolution of memory (together with all its possible aspects), it is helpful to consider (what would happen if memories failed to fade ).主干为In doing..., it is helpful to...，即It是句子的形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to consider...（相当于名词），谓语是系动词is，表语是helpful，句首表达In thinking about...是句子的时间状语，表示谓语动词is发生的时间，其中的thinking about...是动名词短语作介词in的宾语；最后，值得注意的是，在不定式短语中，to consider后面是特殊疑问词what引导的名词性从句（括号表达），作consider的宾语（即宾语从句），此宾语从句是一个复合句，前面是主干，后面斜体部分是条件状语从句，修饰前面的谓语动词would happen，表示其发生的条件。

【词汇精记】 　in doing... 在做……期间／方面；evolution 进化；together with 和，以及；aspect 方面；fail to do sth. 没能够做某事；fade 衰退，减弱。

22. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we fall"

【翻译演练】 　_______________________________

【参考译文】 　在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说：“合则立，分则废”。

【结构分析】 　In dealing with a challenge (on such a scale), it is no exaggeration to say , " United we stand, divided we fall". In dealing with...是介词加动名词短语作句子的时间状语，其中括号中的on such a scale是介词短语作challenge的后置定语；it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to say...（相当于名词），其中引号部分是say的宾语；在引号的表达中：united和divided都是过去分词短语作条件状语，表示其后面相关动词stand和fall发生的条件。

【词汇精记】 　in doing... 在做……的时候，在做……方面；challenge 挑战；on a...scale 在……规模上；exaggeration 夸张；It is no exaggeration to say... 毫不夸张地讲；stand 站立，坚持；fall 下跌，失败；United we stand, divided we fall（名言）合则立，分则废。

23. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.

【翻译演练】 　_____________________________

【参考译文】 　抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

【结构分析】 　The target is wrong,//for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault (that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users).第一段是句子的主干结构，结构是简单的主系表形式；第二段是for引导的原因状语从句，在此从句里：主语是critics，谓语是divert，宾语是attention，from the fault是地点状语； 此从句开头部分是介词In和动名词短语attacking...构成的时间状语，表示后面谓语动词divert发生的时间；句末是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the fault。

【词汇精记】 　divert 使转向，使转移注意力；divert attention from 把注意力引开，没有注意到；lie with/in 在于；ill-informed 不了解情况的；incompetent 不称职的；fault 过错。

24. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.

【翻译演练】 　__________________________

【参考译文】 　因这样的失败而对其进行责备就好比因不能测量风速而对温度计进行批评一样（荒谬）。

【结构分析】 　 To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity . To criticize it是不定式短语作主语，for such failure是介词短语作criticize的原因状语；is comparable to是固定短语，表示“可和……相提并论”，作句子的谓语部分；criticizing a thermometer...是动名词短语作句子宾语，句末for not measuring...是介词短语作criticizing的原因状语。

【词汇精记】 　criticize 批评；roughly 粗略地；be comparable to 可和……相提并论；velocity 速度，速率；themometer 温度计；measure 测量，衡量。

25. To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.

【翻译演练】 　_______________________

【参考译文】 　为了充分了解海洋生物的多样化和丰富性，缜密的思考是有益的。

【结构分析】 　句子主干为 To appreciate ..., it helps to think small；即it是句子的形式主语，真正主语是句末的不定式短语to think small，谓语动词是helps，置于句首的不定式To appreciate...则是句子的目的状语，表示谓语动词helps发生的目的。

【词汇精记】 　appreciate 欣赏，理解，感激；diversity 多样性；abundance 丰富性；think small 缜密思考。

26. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

【翻译演练】 　___________________________

【参考译文】 　去哪里获取专家的信息以及如何对专家的信息加以取舍是今天许多人面临的问题。

【结构分析】 　( Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept ) are questions ( facing many people) today.第一个括号中的表达是此句的主语，谓语是系动词are，表语是questions；最末的括号中，现在分词短语facing...作前面questions的后置定语； 句首主语是个复杂的表达：where to...和how to...是两个并列的复合不定式短语（特殊疑问词＋不定式相当于复合不定式，相当于名词功能），共同作此句的主语，其中which...to...也是个复合不定式短语，作前面determine的宾语。

【词汇精记】 　turn to...for... 求助于……以得到……；expert information 专家信息；expert advice 专家建议；face 使……面对。

27. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

【翻译演练】 　_____________________________

【参考译文】 　但是，对于一小部分学生来讲，专业培训或许是可行的办法，因为在所有其他因素一致的情况下，高超的技能或许会成为能否找到工作的关键。

【结构分析】 　But, for a small group of students , professional training might be the way ( to go )//since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference (between having a job and not).第一段是句子主干：主语是professional training，谓语是might be，表语是the way，紧随其后的不定式短语to go是the way的后置定语，位于句首的介词短语for...是句子的范围状语；第二段是since引导的原因状语从句，其中主语是well-developed skills，谓语是can be，表语是the difference，句末括号表达是介词短语作前面the difference的后置定语；双逗号中间的all other factors being equal是n.＋doing构成的独立主格结构，作插入成分，分隔了从句主语skills和从句谓语can be...。

【词汇精记】 　a small group of 一小部分；professional 专业的，职业的；training 训练；the way to go 可行的方法；well-developed skill 高超的技能；all other factors being equal 所有其他因素一致的情况下。

28. The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge number of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.

【翻译演练】 　___________________________

【参考译文】 　人类已知的物种有一半被认为是生存在世界的热带雨林地区，这一事实似乎并不令人奇怪，因为物种的大部分是由大量的昆虫组成的。

【结构分析】 　The fact (that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forest) does not seem surprising,// considering the huge number (of insects) (that comprise the bulk of the species).第一段是句子主干：主语是The fact，谓语是does not seem，表语是surprising；主语后面是that引导的名词性从句，作主语The fact的同位语（即同位语从句）；第二段中，considering...是独立主格的省略形式，作原因状语，表示前面谓语动词does not seem发生的原因； 此处的considering不可理解为现在分词短语，因为considering的动作行为发出者并非主语The fact，而是不言自明的“人们”“大家”；此外，在此部分，介词短语of insects是前面number的后置定语，句末括号表达则是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词insects。

【词汇精记】 　species 物种；the known species 已知的生物；inhabit 居住，栖息；rain forest 热带雨林；considering... 考虑到，鉴于（表示原因）；comprise 组成；bulk 大部分，主体；insect 昆虫。

29. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　由于人口猛增或大量人口流动——现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易——所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

【结构分析】 　Additional social stresses may also occur//because of the population explosion or problems ( arising from mass migration movements)—(themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport).句子第一段是句子的主干结构，主语是Additional social stresses，谓语是may also occur；第二段画线成分是because of引导的原因状语；because of后面有两个并列宾语the population explosion和problems；problems后面的括号表达是现在分词短语arising...作后置定语，修饰problems；句末则是过去分词短语made...作非限制性定语，修饰前面的mass migration movements，对其进行补充说明；此处的反身代词themselves表示强调，后面的relatively easy则是形容词短语作补足语，进一步补充说明。

【词汇精记】 　additional 额外的；social stress 社会压力；occur 出现，产生；population explosion 人口爆炸；arise from 产生于，来自于；mass 大规模的，大众的；migration 迁移；movement 运动；mean 方式，手段；transport 交通（工具）。

30. In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences—most of them wildly improbable.

【翻译演练】 　______________________________

【参考译文】 　在十九世纪，小说家常常把一系列的巧合呈现在读者面前（大多数都是极其不可能的），以此方式来结束自己的故事。

【结构分析】 　In the nineteenth century , a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences — most (of them) wildly improbable .本句中，主语是a novelist，谓语是would bring，宾语是his story，第一个画线部分是介词短语in...作时间状语，第二个画线表达是介词短语to...作程度状语，第三个是介词短语by presenting...作方式状语；句末画线成分是本句重点——独立主格结构：由n.（pron.）＋adj.构成，作句子的评注性状语，表示作者的评论。

【词汇精记】 　novelist 小说家；bring sth. to a conclusion 结束；present sb. with sth. 呈送给某人某物；a series of 一系列的；coincidence 巧合；wildly 疯狂地；improbable 极不可能的。

31. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　有一个经过雕刻的匕首，看上去很有趣，除此以外，箱子里塞满了陶器，大多已破碎。

【结构分析】 　Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger , the box was full of crockery, much (of it) broken .主干是the box was full of crockery，前面画线部分是介词短语Apart from...作状语，句末是独立主格much of it broken（本质是n.＋done）作伴随状语。

【词汇精记】 　apart from（相当于aside from、besides） 除……以外（还有）；interesting-looking 看上去有趣的；carve 雕刻；dagger 匕首；be full of 充满；crockery 陶器；broken 碎裂的。

32. The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.

【翻译演练】 　_________________________

【参考译文】 　当一辆大型轿车前灯亮着、喇叭鸣着沿着拱形街道呼啸而来的时候，静谧突然被打破了。

【结构分析】 　The silence was suddenly broken//when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring , roared down the arcade .此句第一段是主干：主语是The silence，谓语是was broken；第二段是when引导的时间状语从句，表示谓语动作was broken发生的时间；其中，从句主语是a large car，谓语是roared，down the arcade是介词短语作地点状语，两个逗号中间的with...是with＋n. ＋adv. and n. ＋doing构成的独立主格结构，在时间状语从句中插入，作伴随状语，修饰谓语动词roared。

【词汇精记】 　break the silence 打破静谧；headlight 前灯；horn 喇叭；blare 发出响声；roar 呼啸而行；down the arcade 沿着拱形街道；on (adv.) 开着，亮着。

33. With so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.

【翻译演练】 　_________________________

【参考译文】 　因为周围有很多的人，这些狗一定要被圈养在特殊的围场里。

【结构分析】 　本句中，主语是the dogs，谓语是have to be kept，句末in a special enclosure作地点状语；句首表达 With so many people about 则是with＋n.＋adv.构成的独立主格结构，在此句中作原因状语，表示have to be kept发生的原因。

【词汇精记】 　about（此处是adv.） 周围；keep 饲养，保持，圈养；enclosure 围场，圈地；special 特别的，专门的。

34. Below, the captain realized to his horror that, with five of her sixteen water-tight compartments flooded, the Titanic was sinking rapidly!

【翻译演练】 　_____________________________

【参考译文】 　在下面，船长恐怖地意识到泰坦尼克号正在快速下沉，因为十六个隔水舱有五个已被淹没。

【结构分析】 　(Below), the captain realized (to his horror) that, with five (of her sixteen water-tight compartments) flooded , the Titanic was sinking rapidly!此句中，主语是the captain，谓语是realized，宾语是that引导的名词从句（即宾语从句）；句首的below是副词，作地点状语，to his horror作结果状语，它们共同修饰谓语动词realize，分别表示动作发生的地点和结果；在that引导的宾语从句中，双逗号中间的成分是独立主格结构（with＋n.＋done），作从句的原因状语，表示从句谓语was sinking发生的原因。

【词汇精记】 　to sb's horror 令某人恐怖的是；water-tight 防水的；compartment 隔水舱；flood 淹没；titanic 巨人的，大力神的（常用于形容事物规模之大）；the Titanic（一艘巨轮的名字）泰坦尼克号；sink 沉没。

35. As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of what furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.

【翻译演练】 　_________________________

【参考译文】 　至于冬天，因为大多数配给的取暖燃料要留到拂晓时使用，所以天气往往很冷，很不方便。

【结构分析】 　As for the winter , it is inconvenient to be cold,// with most of (what furnace fuel is allowed) saved for the dawn.本句主干中，主语是it，谓语是系动词is，表语是inconvenient；句首表达As for the winter是句子的范围状语，to be cold是不定式短语作原因状语，它们分别表示谓语动词发生的范围和原因；第二段中，with＋n.＋done是独立主格结构，亦作原因状语，但值得关注的是：括号中的成分是特殊疑问词what引导的名词从句，相当于一个名词，作前面介词of的宾语（即宾语从句），在本质上相当于the furnace fuel (that is allowed)。

【词汇精记】 　as for 至于；inconvenient 不方便的；furnace 炉子，火炉；fuel 燃料；dawn 拂晓；save 节省。