尴尬！大冬天被晒伤了！

As it gets colder and we start bundling up in jackets and earmuffs, most of us tend to stop thinking about our sun exposure. After all, how much damage can the weak winter sun cause if you're already covered up from head to toe?

随着天气变冷，人们开始裹上厚重的衣服，带上耳套，大多数人就开始忽略防晒的这件事儿了。毕竟么，人们都裹成个熊了，冬天这点太阳光还能造次?

But the sun's rays can be just as harmful when it's cold and cloudy outside. "Any exposed area of your body can still get sunburned," Dr. Apple Bodemer, an associate professor of dermatology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, told Live Science.

不过就算外面很冷而且阴云密布，太阳的光线也一样有害。“你身体暴露在外的部分仍会被晒伤，”来自威斯康星-麦迪逊大学的皮肤病助理教授Apple Bodemer博士告诉Live Science说。

Whether you spend a day on the slopes, skating on a pond or shoveling snow out of your driveway, your face is still getting exposed to the sun's radiation in the form of ultraviolet (UV) light, according to Bodemer. When those UV rays penetrate deep into your skin cells, they can cause DNA damage, she said.

据Bodemer所说，无论你是在山上滑一天雪也好，在池塘上滑一天冰也好，或者在自家门口铲雪也好，你的脸部都会暴露在太阳光的紫外线之下。她说，当这些紫外线穿透进你皮肤深处的细胞以后，会造成DNA损伤。

The sun's long ultraviolet A (UVA) waves can cause premature aging, sunspots and wrinkles, while its short ultraviolet B (UVB) rays are notorious for causing skin reddening and burns. (Ultraviolet C, or UVC rays are a third and even shorter type of ultraviolet radiation that is mostly absorbed by the Earth's ozone layer).

阳光中的长波紫外线(UVA)会导致皮肤过早老化、出现雀斑以及皱纹，而中波紫外线(UVB)则会导致皮肤变红和晒伤。(短波紫外线UVC大多数都被地球的臭氧层吸收了。)

Skin damage caused by UV exposure increases over time. "Your skin is like the meter in a taxi cab," said Dr. Darrell Rigel, a clinical professor of dermatology at New York University. "As you get more radiation, the meter goes forward, and the more that happens, or the stronger the radiation, the faster the meter goes."

紫外线造成的皮肤损伤会根据接触时间的增加而加重。“你的皮肤就像出租车里的计费器，”纽约大学的皮肤病临床教授Darrel Rigel博士说道，“你接触的辐射越多，‘计费器’的费用就越高，接触的越频繁，或者辐射强度越高，‘计费器’的跳动频率就越快。”

Eventually, UV-related skin damage can lead to skin cancer. It's the most common type of cancer in the United States. About 3.3 million Americans are diagnosed with basal and squamous cell skin cancers each year, according to the American Cancer Society.

紫外线相关的皮肤损伤最终会导致皮肤癌。这也是美国最常见的癌症种类。据美国癌症协会统计，每年有大约330万美国人被确诊罹患基础细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌。

Snow and ice can also make sun damage worse. They reflect up to 80 percent of UV rays that reach the ground, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation. That means that you get hit from two angles: first from the sky and second from the ground, as the rays rebound. And skiers and snowboarders increase their risk of getting sunburned even more because UV exposure increases at higher altitudes.

雪和冰也会使得阳光的破坏力加强。据皮肤癌基金会所说，冰雪能反射到达地表的紫外线中的80%。这就意味着你会从两个角度接触到紫外线：从天而降的一手紫外线以及地面反射后的二手紫外线。由于高海拔地区的紫外线更强，因此滑雪爱好者们被晒伤的风险更大。

"Our atmosphere helps scatter some of the UV radiation," Bodemer said. "When you're up at a high altitude, there's not as much atmosphere and you will get more intense UV radiation exposure."

“地球的大气能帮助散射一些紫外线辐，”Bodemer表示，“当你身处高海拔地区，稀薄的大气就会人暴露在更强烈的紫外线照射下。”

The overall amount of UV rays decreases slightly in the winter because of the angle that the sun's rays hit the Earth, Bodemer said. But people who are exposed to the winter sun — especially those who are prone to burning in the summer — are still at risk of getting a sunburn, she said.

Bodemer表示，由于太阳光在冬季入射地球角度的关系，冬季的总体紫外线量会有些许下降。但是那些皮肤暴露在冬季阳光下的人也还是有被晒伤的风险，尤其是那些在夏季容易被晒伤的人。

Certain creams and medications, such as retinol products and chemical peels, can also make the skin more photosensitive. Rigel told Live Science. And even tetracycline-based antibiotics, including those prescribed for treating acne or a cold, can increase your sun-sensitivity.

Rigel告诉Live Science说，特定的一些面霜和药物会让皮肤对光更敏感，比如说含维生素A的产品和化学换肤。甚至是含四环素的抗生素，包括那些为了治疗痤疮或者感冒的处方药，都能增加皮肤的阳光敏感度。

"In general, the biggest factor for sun-sensitivity is how pale your skin is," he said. "But, the reality is that even the darkest [skinned] individual can get sun damage. They might not get it as quickly because they have more natural protection, but even dark-skinned individuals get skin cancer."

“通常来说，阳光敏感度的最大影响因素是你皮肤的白皙程度，”他说，“但事实上甚至是深肤色的个体也会被晒伤。他们可能没那么快被晒伤，因为有着天然肤色的保护，不过就算深肤色的个体也会患皮肤癌。”

Luckily, the solution for protecting your skin is simple: Wear sunscreen every day. Rigel recommended using sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30, and going higher if you're planning a vacation at high altitudes. As a rule of thumb, SPF 30 will block 97 percent of UVB rays; SPF 50 will block 98 percent of UVB rays; And SPF 100 will block 99 percent of UVB rays, Dr. Steven Wang, the director of Dermatologic Surgery and Dermatology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, told the Skin Cancer Foundation. And, no matter what kind of sunscreen you use, it's important to apply SPF about once every 2 hours, Wang added.

幸运的是，保护皮肤的解决方法很简单：每天都擦防晒霜。Rigel建议至少要使用SPF30以上的防晒霜，如果打算要去高海拔地区去度假，则要买更高防晒系数的防晒霜。一般来说，SPF30的防晒霜能隔离97%的UVB;SPF50的能隔离98%的UVB;而SPF100的能隔离掉99%的UVB。此外，无论你使用哪种防晒霜，都要记得每隔两小时补一次。

Rigel also suggested looking for sunscreens labeled "broad spectrum" — to protect against both UVB and UVA rays — as well as sunscreens that are water resistant for up to 80 minutes. That way, you can go about your day without it wearing off too quickly.

Rigel还建议买防晒霜要挑选有“广谱”标签的，这样能同时隔离UVB和UVA，而且防晒霜的防水时间能达到80分钟。这样的话，你就能够放心出去浪，不用担心防晒霜太快就失效了。

You don't have to hibernate indoors as long as you protect yourself when you go out, Rigel said. "It always pays to protect yourself."

只要你出门能武装到皮肤，那你就没必要整个冬天宅在家里冬眠，Rigel表示，“保护自己没坏处。”