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卡耐基演讲·3.使演讲更细节化

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2021年11月18日

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3.使演讲更细节化

这一点,你很可能早就知道,可是你也可能会疑惑:那我怎么知道在我的讲演里有没有足够的细节?有个方法可以测试一下。准备讲演时使用新闻记者写新闻故事时必需的五要素:时间、地点、人物、事件和发生的原因。如果你依照这五要素来准备,你的举例便会有了详尽的叙述,自然栩栩如生。让我举出自己的一件趣事来加以说明。这则趣事曾经刊登在《读者文摘》上:You might say at this point, "this is all very fine, but how can I be sure of getting enough detail into my talk?" There is one test. Use the 5-W formula every reporter follows when he writes a news story: answer the questions When? Where? Who? What? and Why? If you follow this formula your examples will have life and color. Let me illustrate this with an anecdote of my own, one that was published by the Reader's Digest:

离开大学后的两年里,我做了铁甲公司的销售员,一直在南达科他州四处跑,靠的是搭乘运货卡车来完成我的旅途。一天,我在莱德菲尔,两小时后才能搭上一列南行的火车,我有两小时的等待时间。由于不是我负责的区域,所以没有办法利用这段时间进行推销工作。另一方面,再过不到一年,我就要上纽约的“美国戏剧艺术学院”去读书,所以我决定利用这段空闲来练习台词。我漫无目的地走过车场,开始演练莎士比亚《麦克白》里的一幕——我一边猛地举出双臂,一边十分戏剧性地高呼:“我眼前所见是匕首吗?它的把手正朝向着我。来吧,让我握着你:我抓不着你,但我依然看见你!”After leaving college, I spent two years traveling through South Dakota as a salesman for Armour and Company. I covered my territory by riding on freight trains. One day I had to layover in Redfield, S. D.,for two hours to get a train going south. Since Redfield was not in my territory I couldn't use the time for making sales. Within a year I was going to New York to study at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, so I decided to use this spare time practicing speaking. I wandered down through the train yards and began rehearsing a scene for Macbeth. Thrusting out my arms, I cried dramatically: 'Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee: I have thee not,and yet I see thee still.'

当我正沉浸在自己的表演中时,四名警察突然朝我扑来,问我为什么要恐吓妇女。我大吃一惊,就算他们指控我抢劫火车,我都不会有这么惊异。他们告诉我,有个家庭主妇,在30米开外的厨房窗帘后面一直看着我。她从没有见过这样的行径,便打电话给警方。他们到达时,刚好听到我在鬼哭狼嚎地讲着关于匕首的事。I was still immersed in the scene when four policemen leaped upon me and asked why I was frightening women. I couldn't have been more astounded if they had accused me of robbing a train. They informed me that a housewife had been watching me from behind her kitchen curtains a hundred yards away. She had never seen such goings-on. So she called the police, and when they approached they heard me ranting about daggers.

我告诉他们,我是在“演练莎士比亚”。但是他们不信,直到我出示了铁甲公司的订货簿以后,他们才放我走。I told them I was 'practicing Shakespeare, but I had to produce my order book for Armour and company before they let me go.

这是一件很有趣的事,你在阅读的时候请注意一下,这则趣事是怎样体现那五要素的。Notice how this anecdote answers the questions posed in the 5-W formula above.

自然,细枝末节过多又比没有细节更糟。人人都曾经被冗长、肤浅而不切题的细节搞得烦不胜烦。注意看看,我在叙述自己在南达科他州莱德菲尔镇几乎被捕的事件里,对每一个要素都是进行简明扼要的叙述。如果讲演中全是乱糟糟的鸡毛蒜皮的琐碎之事,听众必然会不耐烦从而分散注意力,抹杀你许多的言论。一个人的讲演过程中最糟糕的事,莫过于不能抓住听众的注意力了。Of course, too much detail is worse than none. All of us have been bored by lengthy recitals of superficial, irrelevant details. Notice how in the incident about my near-arrest in a South Dakota town there is a brief and concise answer to each of the 5-W questions. If you clutter your talk with too much detail, your audience will blue-pencil your remarks by refusing to give you their complete attention. There is no blue pencil more severe than inattentiveness.


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