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[初中]全新英语语法14-4 非谓语动词的用法区别

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2021年12月17日

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英语中有一种特殊的动词,它们没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,我们把这种不能作谓语的动词称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词主要有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。

14-4 非谓语动词的用法区别

1.动词不定式与动名词作主语的用法区别

动词不定式和动名词都可在句子中作主语,使用时要注意以下几点:

(1)动词不定式表示具体的、特定的行为;而动名词表示抽象的、一般的行为。如:

To complete the program needs much effort.完成这项计划需要很大的努力。

Reading is really fun.读书很有趣。

(2)在疑问句中,只用动名词的复合结构作主语而不用动词不定式。如:

Is his speaking reasonable?他的发言有道理吗?

(3)在某些句型中通常要用动名词短语作主语,而不可用不定式代替。如:

It is no use doing .../It is no good doing .../It is useless doing .../It is worthwhile doing ...等。如:

It is no use talking your trouble to a man like him.跟他那样的人谈你的烦恼没有用。

(4)一般说来,作主语和表语的非谓语动词形式应一致,即:表语为不定式时,主语也用不定式;表语为动名词,主语也用动名词形式。如:

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

但是,在现代英语中,当表语用来说明主语的特定意义或具体内容时,主语和表语的非谓语动词的形式可以不一致,即,主语用动名词,而表语用动词不定式。如:

Waving your hand is to say “Good-bye”.挥手就是说“再见”。

Nodding your head is to say “Yes”.点头就是说“对,是的”。

2.动词不定式与动名词作宾语的用法区别

动词不定式和动名词都可以作及物动词的宾语,它们往往受到谓语动词的限制。有些动词只接动词不定式作宾语;有些动词只接动名词作宾语;还有一些动词既可以接动词不定式作宾语,也可以接动名词作宾语,但意义有差别。

(1)只接动词不定式作宾语的动词

后只跟动词不定式作宾语的常用动词有:want,decide,ask,offer,promise,hope,wish,help,learn,refuse,expect,plan,agree,prepare等。如:

I want to go swimming this afternoon.今天下午我想要去游泳。

They decided to build a bridge over the river.他们决定在河上面建一座桥。

The letter asked people to give up nuclear weapons.这封信请求人们放弃核武器。

Her parents are planning to have their second child.她父母正计划要第二个孩子。

I hope to go with you.我希望和你一起去。

My mother refused to go there with us.我妈妈拒绝和我们一起去那里。

My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。

(2)只接动名词作宾语的动词及动词短语

后只跟动名词作宾语的常用动词有:finish,enjoy,spend,mind,keep,suggest,practice,admit,advise,allow,avoid,consider,discuss,escape,imagine,mention,miss,prevent,put off,give up,insist on,be worth,keep on,look forward to,can't help,be/get used to,can't stand,feel like 等。如:

You shouldn't keep thinking about it.你不应老想着这事。

Would you mind opening the window?打开窗好吗?

Everyone in my class enjoys playing football.我班人人喜欢踢足球。

We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。

I advise waiting a few more days.我建议再等几天。

I admit breaking the window.我承认窗子是我打破的。

These books are well worth reading.这些书值得读。

My mother couldn't help smiling when she heard the good news.听到那好消息,我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。

My father has given up smoking.我父亲戒烟了。

Do you feel like taking a walk?你要不要去散步?

We are looking forward to coming to China.我们期待着来中国。

(3)既可以接动词不定式也可以接动名词作宾语的动词,分为以下几种情况:

①后跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语意思相同,使用上无多大差别的动词有:begin,start,continue等。如:

We began learning/to learn English when we came to junior middle school.我们来初中时才开始学习英语。

注意:

①begin,start 用于进行时态时,后面的非谓语动词只用动词不定式而不用动名词。如:

He is beginning to work in that company.他即将开始去那个公司工作。

②begin,start后面的非谓语动词如果是表示心理活动方面的动词know,love,like,understand,hate,enjoy等时,只用动词不定式,而不用动名词。如:

After the talk with his English teacher,he began to like English.跟英语老师谈话之后,他开始喜欢英语了。

②forget,remember,regret等动词,后跟动词不定式作宾语表示“要干某事”,动词不定式所做的事情还没做;后跟动名词作宾语表示“干过某事”,即动名词所做的事情为过去所为。如:

I forgot to tell you about it.我忘记要告诉你那件事了。

I remembered giving the book to Li Lei,but he said I didn't.我记得我把书给李雷了,但是他说我没有给。

③hate,like,love,prefer等动词,接不定式作宾语时通常表示一次性或具体动作;接动名词作宾语时,通常表示一般性或习惯性的动作。但在现代英语中,通常不加区别地混用。如:

I hate to go boating today.今天我不想去划船。

I hate going boating.我讨厌划船。

④动词mean接不定式作宾语时,表示一种意图,意为“打算做,想要做”;接动名词作宾语时表示解释,意为“意味着,意思是”。如:

I didn't mean to bother you.我本不想打扰你。

What he said means going there by air.他说的话意思就是坐飞机去那儿。

⑤try后接不定式作宾语时,表示一种决心,意为“设法做;尽力做”;后接动名词作宾语时,表示没有把握,意为“试着做”。如:

I'll try to catch up with my class this term.这一学期我将尽力赶上同学们。

Why didn't you try riding a bike to go to school?为什么不试着骑车去学校呢?

⑥stop,go on等,后接不定式作宾语时表示一种目的,表示停下来或继续的目的是要去干另一件事;接动名词作宾语时,表示停止或继续所做的事情,意为“停止干某事或继续干某事”。如:

Now stop to listen to me,please.现在请停下来听我讲。

Now stop writing,please.现在请停止写字。

⑦need,require,want等动词,后接不定式作宾语时,非谓语动词的动作为句子的主语所发出,即句子的主语与非谓语动词有逻辑上的主谓关系;接动名词作宾语时,非谓语动词的动作为句子的主语所承受,即句子的主语与非谓语动词在逻辑上是动宾关系,有被动的意味。如:

I need to water the flowers every day.我需要每天给花浇水。

The flowers need watering every day.=The flowers need to be watered every day.花儿需要每天浇水。

⑧can't help后接不定式作宾语时,意为“不能帮忙干”;接动名词作宾语时,意为“禁不住干,情不自禁干”。如:

I'm very busy now,so I can't help (to)clean the room.我现在很忙,因此不能帮助打扫房间了。

The girl couldn't help crying when she saw her mother again.当小女孩再次看到母亲时,她情不自禁地哭了起来。

⑨be used to后接不定式时,意为“被用来做某事”;接动名词作宾语时,意为“已习惯于做某事”。如:

The wood will be used to make paper.这些木材将被用来造纸。

My parents are used to getting up early.我父母已习惯于早起床。

3.动词不定式、动名词、分词作表语的用法区别

(1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作;动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。

What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。

Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。

His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。

(2)表示心理状态的及物动词如excite,interest,bore,surprise,frighten,disappoint等,当主语是表示人的名词时,用分词形容词即-ed形容词作表语;当主语是表示事物的名词时,用-ing形式作表语。

The boy was excited at the news.那个男孩为这个消息感到兴奋。

The activity is very exciting.那项活动令人兴奋。

I'm interested in collecting all kinds of concert tickets.我对收集各种各样的音乐会门票感兴趣。

The film is so interesting.这部电影如此有趣。

4.动词不定式、动名词、分词作宾语补足语的用法区别

(1)动词不定式作宾语补足语,强调动作的全过程,表明动作已经结束或即将发生;动名词作宾语补足语,强调动作正在进行;过去分词作宾语补足语时,及物动词的过去分词表示完成和被动,不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成。如:

I often see him go to the cinema.我经常看见他去看电影。

I found a strange person walking nearby our shop all day.我发现一个陌生人整天在我们商店附近走动。

He spoke slowly to make himself understood better.他说得很慢,让自己更好地被人理解。

(2)下列动词只用动词不定式作宾语补足语,组成“动词+sb.+to do”结构,而不用动名词或分词作宾语补足语。

ask sb.to do sth.要求某人干某事      tell sb.to do sth.告诉某人干某事

advise sb.to do sth.建议某人干某事    allow sb.to do sth.允许某人干某事

encourage sb.to do sth.鼓励某人干某事   expect sb.to do sth.期望某人干某事

help sb.to do sth.帮助某人干某事      wish sb.to do sth.希望某人干某事

warn sb.to do sth.警告某人干某事      want sb.to do sth.想要某人干某事

call on sb.to do sth.号召某人干某事    order sb.to do sth.命令某人干某事

teach sb.to do sth.教某人干某事      force sb.to do sth.强迫某人干某事

My parents don't allow me to swim in the river.我父母不允许我在河里游泳。

Father encourages me to do what I like.父亲鼓励我做我所喜欢的事情。

注意:

动词不定式作宾语补足语时,在动词make,let,have,see,notice,hear,watch,feel等后面要省略不定式符号to;help后的动词不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to可加可不加。如:

The teacher made him do the exercises again.老师让他再做一次练习。

He often helps me (to)study English in his spare time.他经常在课余时间帮我学英语。

5.动词不定式、动名词、分词作定语的用法区别

动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式皆可作定语,用法和意义差别较大。

动词不定式作定语,只能置于被修饰词的后面,往往表示未发生的情况;形容词性的-ing形式作定语置于被修饰的名词或代词前,单个的动作性-ing形式常放在被修饰的名词前,动作性的-ing形式的短语常置于被修饰的名词后,往往表示正在进行的行为;单个的-ed形式作定语常置于被修饰词前,-ed修饰的短语常置于被修饰词之后,表示被动和完成。

动词不定式作定语时,当所修饰的名词指人时,不定式与它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系;当不定式所修饰的名词指物时,不定式与它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系;动名词作定语时,动名词与它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,只表示被修饰名词的一般用途;现在分词作定语时,现在分词与它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,表示所修饰名词的特征;

I have a meeting to attend .我有一个会议要出席。

There is a swimming pool in our school.在我们学校有一个游泳池。

Listen to the singing bird.听那只鸟在唱歌。

Who is the boy running towards us?朝我们跑来的那个男孩是谁?

The worried mother has been ill for days.忧心忡忡的妈妈病了好几天了。

Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.大多数应邀参加这次晚会的人是著名的科学家。

6.动词不定式、动名词、分词作状语的用法区别

动词不定式作状语通常表示目的、原因和结果;动词的-ing形式和-ed形式作状语主要表示原因、时间、结果、条件、方式、让步及伴随情况。如:

He went to the library to borrow a book.他去图书馆借了一本书。(表目的)

The boy sat at the desk reading a book.那个男孩坐在课桌旁看书。(表伴随情况)

Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks more beautiful.从山顶上看去,这个公园显得更加美丽。(表方式)

【中考速递】

1.[上海中考考题] After she finished _____ the story,Alice wrote a review for her school newspaper.

A.read B.reads C.to read D.reading

2.[云南中考考题] The Smiths have decided _____ a house near the sea.

A.buy B.bought C.buying D.to buy

3.[海南中考考题] Bruce practices _____ basketball every day so that he can be a better player.

A.play B.to play C.playing

4.[天津中考考题] I wanted to see the Beijing Opera,so Lingling offered _____ me to watch an opera.

A.took B.takes C.to take D.taking

5.[江苏苏州中考考题] Our teacher often advises us _____ the habit of making notes while reading.

A.to develop B.develop

C.to developing D.developing

6.[山东青岛中考考题] We have worked so long.Shall we stop _____ a rest?

A.have B.to having C.having D.to have

【答案点拨】

1.答案:D 句意:Alice读完这个故事后,为学校社团写了一篇评论。finish 后的动词用动名词,故选D。

2.答案:D 句意:史密斯一家已经决定去买海边的一所房子。decide后接to do不定式,故选D。

3.答案:C 句意:为了成为更好的运动员,Bruce每天练习打篮球。practice后的动词用动名词,意为“练习干某事”,故选 C.

4.答案:C 句意:我想看京剧,因此玲玲主动提出带我去看京剧。offer to do sth.意为“主动提出做某事”。故选C。

5.答案:A 句意:我们的老师经常建议我们养成阅读时做笔记的习惯。advise sb.to do sth.意为“建议某人做某事”。故选A。

6.答案:D 题意:我们已经工作很长时间了。我们停下来休息一下好吗?stop to do sth.意为“停下来去做某事”,stop doing sth.意为“停止做某事”。由句意可知选D。

【语法专练 体验中考】

1.[江苏南京] — Have you read the book Jane Eyre ?

— Yes.It's a famous book and really worth _____.

A.to read B.reading C.to be read D.read

2.[广东考题] Leonardo DiCaprio,a famous American actor,was always expecting _____ an Oscar and finally he made it.

A.to win B.winning C.not to win D.not winning

3.[重庆考题] Taiji is my favorite and I often play it _____ healthy.

A.to keep B.keeps C.keeping D.kept

4.[呼和浩特] — I tried to make Alice _____ her mind but I found it difficult.

— Well,I saw you _____ that when I went past.

A.changed;do B.changes;doing

C.change;to do D.change;doing

5.[上海考题] I can't tell you what she said.I've promised _____ it a secret.

A.keep B.to keep C.keeping D.kept

6.[辽宁丹东] — You never miss one minute in class.

— You know,we must listen to the teacher carefully _____.

A.take notes B.taking notes C.to take notes D.takes notes

7.[黑龙江齐齐哈尔] We feel like _____ some food and drink because we'll invite some friends _____ in a party.

A.buying,to join B.to buy,joining C.buying,join

8.[吉林考题] Joining a summer camp is a great chance _____ free time with your friends.

A.spend B.spending C.to spend

9.[四川雅安] Our teacher often asks us _____ time.

A.not waste B.don't waste C.not to waste D.doesn't waste

10.[江苏镇江] Our country encourages more students _____ football.Now many football clubs have been set up in schools.

A.play B.playing C.to play D.will play

11.[黑龙江绥化] It's our duty _____ our hometown clean and beautiful.We must do something for it.

A.keeping B.keeps C.to keep

12.[甘肃天水] There was so much noise outside that the teacher couldn't make herself _____.

A.hear B.heard C.to hear D.hearing

13.[甘肃兰州] The fridge doesn't work.Why not consider _____ a new one?

A.buy B.bought C.to buy D.buying

14.[湖北孝感] When you are tired,_____ in the countryside is a wonderful experience.

A.relaxing B.relaxed C.relax D.relaxes

15.[江苏泰州] — Mr.Ling,I have some difficulty _____ the article.

— Remember _____ it three or four times at least.

A.to understand;reading B.understanding;reading

C.understanding;to read D.to understand;to read

【答案速递】

1.B 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.C


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