高考英语语法专项练习之构词法与比较等级
[深化认知]
一、派生法
1.名词后缀
(1)动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
ion/
tion/
sion/
ation correct→correction 改正
celebrate→celebration
庆祝;庆祝会
attract→attraction
吸引
discuss→discussion
讨论;辩论
graduate→graduation
毕业
conclude→conclusion
结论;结束
decide→decision
决定
admit→admission
接纳;准许入学
invite→invitation
邀请
explain→explanation
解释
expect→expectation
期望
er/or drive→driver
司机;驾驶员
gather→gatherer
收集者;采集者
teach→teacher
老师
announce→announcer
播音员
conduct→conductor
指挥;售票员
direct→director
导演
ment punish→punishment
惩罚
achieve→achievement
功绩;成就
argue→argument
辩论;论据
treat→treatment
对待;治疗
equip→equipment
装备;设备
govern→government
政府
ance/
ence appear→appearance
出现;外貌
guide→guidance
指引;指导
perform→performance
表演;节目
exist→existence
存在;生存
prefer→preference
偏爱
refer→reference
参考;查阅
ing hear→hearing
听力;听觉
begin→beginning
开始
ure/
ture fail→failure
失败;没做到
press→pressure
压力
depart→departure
离开;出发
mix→mixture
混合;混合物
y recover→recovery 恢复;痊愈
discover→discovery
发现
其他 choose→choice 选择
vary→variety
多样化;种类
tend→tendency
趋向;趋势
(2)形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
age short→shortage不足;短缺
cy efficient→efficiency 效率;功效
fluent→fluency
流利;流畅
accurate→accuracy
准确性
private→privacy
隐私;私密
dom free→freedom自由;自主
wise→wisdom
明智;智慧
ce different→difference 差异
silent→silence
沉默
ness weak→weakness 虚弱;弱点
kind→kindness
仁慈;好意
careless→carelessness
粗心大意
th strong→strength 力气;强项
warm→warmth
温暖;热情
y/ty/
ity honest→honesty 诚实
difficult→difficulty
困难
cruel→cruelty
残酷;残暴
safe→safety
安全
disable→disability
无能;伤残
responsible→responsibility
责任
2.形容词、副词后缀
(1)动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀
后缀 例词
able accept→acceptable 可接受的
comfort→comfortable
舒适的
fashion→fashionable
时髦的
suit→suitable
合适的
reason→reasonable
有道理的
al music→musical音乐的
origin→original
最初的
person→personal
个人的;私人的
centre→central
中央的;中心的
nature→natural
自然的;天生的
ful doubt→doubtful 怀疑的
forget→forgetful
健忘的
harm→harmful
有害的
hope→hopeful
有希望的
peace→peaceful
和平的
ed scare→scared 感到恐惧的
confuse→confused
感到困惑的
underline→underlined
下划线的
ing surprise→surprising 令人惊奇的
convince→convincing
令人信服的
satisfy→satisfying
令人满意的
ible access→accessible容易取得的
horror→horrible
可怕的;恐怖的
terror→terrible
可怕的
ive act→active积极的;活跃的
effect→effective
有效的;生效的
attract→attractive
有吸引力的
impress→impressive
给人深刻印象的
ous continue→continuous 不断的;持续的
anxiety→anxious
忧虑的
caution→cautious
十分小心的;谨慎的
curiosity→curious
好奇的
humor→humorous
幽默的
some tire→tiresome 令人厌倦的
trouble→troublesome
麻烦的
y taste→tasty 美味的;可口的
health→healthy
健康的
wealth→wealthy
富裕的;丰富的
ern
east→eastern东方的;向东的 ish child→childish 孩子气的
fool→foolish
愚蠢的;可笑的
self→selfish
自私的
(2)形容词变副词的后缀
直接加ly
slow→slowly 缓慢地
改y为ily happy→happily高兴地
去e加lytrue→truly 真诚地;确实
3.形容词、名词变动词的前缀和后缀
前/后缀 例词
前缀 en able→enable 使能够
large→enlarge
扩大
rich→enrich
使充实
后缀 en broad→broaden (使)变宽
ripe→ripen
(使)成熟
sharp→sharpen
使尖锐
wide→widen
加宽
ify class→classify 把……分类
just→justify
证明……正确
simple→simplify
简化
ize apology→apologize 道歉
emphasis→emphasize
强调
4.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前/后缀
例词
前缀 dis agree→disagree 不同意
advantage→disadvantage
缺点
il legal→illegal 不合法的
logical→illogical
不合逻辑的
im polite→impolite 无礼的
patient→impatient
不耐烦的
in formal→informal 非正式的
convenient→inconvenient不方便的
ir regular→irregular不规则的
responsible→irresponsible不负责任的
mis lead→mislead误导
understand→misunderstand
误解
un usual→unusual 不寻常的
willing→unwilling
不愿意的
后缀 less hope→hopeless 绝望的
end→endless
没完没了的
二、转化法
不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。
动词→名词 look→have a look看一看
survey→make a survey
调查
walk→take a walk
散步
名词→动词 button n.纽扣→v.扣纽扣
book n.书→v.预订
seat n.座位→v.容纳
back n.背部→v.支持
形容词→动词 slow adj.慢的→v.减慢
narrow adj.窄的→v.缩小
warm adj.暖和的→v.加热
[典题在线]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people
living
in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
2.(2015·全国卷 Ⅱ 语法填空)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat slowly (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.
3.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without
using
electric equipment.
4.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)As natural (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly
how
thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
5.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)The river was so polluted that it
actually
(actual) caught fire and burned.
6.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Just be patient (patience).
7.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers suddenly (sudden) became friendly to one another.
8.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,
and
some of them looked very anxious and disappointed (disappoint).
9.(2017·辽宁高考语法填空)Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and softly (soft).
10.(2017·辽宁高考语法填空)I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful (pain).
11.(2017·湖北高考短文写作)Luckily, she was not badly injured (injure) and we sent her to the nearest hospital.
12.(2017·福建高考书面表达)So excited (excite) was I that I couldn't wait to try my hand at riding it.
13.(2017·广东高考语法填空)But such a small thing couldn't possibly (possible) destroy a village.
14.(2017·广东高考语法填空)“That would be a very reasonable (reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours，” Nick said.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)Lots of studies have
shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.seriously→serious
2.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)Dad and I were terrible worried.terrible→terribly
3.(2015·浙江高考短文改错)On the lefthand side of the class, I could easy see the football field.easy→easily
4.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. taste→tasty
5.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost! wonderfully→wonderful
6.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends.helpfully→helpful
7.(2017·浙江高考短文改错)No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticketowner before.previous→previously
8.(2017·辽宁高考短文改错)That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are. closely→close_
[深化认知]
一、比较等级
1.平级比较
(1)as+形容词(副词)原级+as ...“和……一样”;not as/so+形容词(副词)原级+as ...“不如……”。
(2016·长春一模写作)Tom is as excellent as John in the ability of dealing with such cases.
在处理这类案件上，汤姆和约翰的能力是一样优秀的。
(2)as+形容词原级+a(n)+n.+as ...“和……一样”。
Although Tom was as heavy a smoker as me, he did give up smoking last year.
尽管汤姆和我一样是个老烟枪，但他在去年确实戒烟了。
2.比较级
(1)比较级+than ...“比……更”;less ... than“不如……”。
This year they have produced less grain than they did last year.
他们今年生产的谷物比去年少。
(2)the+比较级， the +比较级 “越……，越……”。
It's believed that the harder you work, the better result you'll get.
人们相信，工作越努力，得到的结果将越好。
(3)the+比较级+of the +名词/代词 “两者中较……的”。
Who is the younger of the two boys ?
这两个男孩中较小的是哪一个?
(4)“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义。
Mr. Stevenson is great to work for — I really couldn't ask for a better boss.
为斯蒂文森先生工作感觉非常好，我真的找不到比他更好的老板了。
(5)比较等级前常用的修饰语有：a little, a bit, slightly, much, a lot, a great deal, any, far, by far, even, still等。
—The film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.
—Why? It's far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.
——我不得不说这部电影一点意思也没有。
——为什么?它比我以前看过的所有电影都有趣多了。
3.最高级的基本结构
表达在某个范围内“最……”，用“the+最高级+比较范围”结构。
The river is the longest in the world.
这条河流是世界上最长的。
二、倍数表达法
常见的倍数表达形式有：
1.倍数+as+形容词/副词的原级+as
This tree is three times as tall as that one.
这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。
His father is twice as old as he.
他父亲的年龄是他的两倍大。
2.倍数+形容词/副词的比较级+than
This river is almost twice longer than that one.
这条河差不多比那条河长两倍。
The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one.
这本字典恰好比那本贵五倍。
3.倍数+the size/height/weight/length/width/depth/ ...+of
The newlybroadened square is four times the size of the previous one.
新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。
4.倍数+that+of
The size of the newlybroadened square is four times that of the previous one.
新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。
5.倍数+what从句
The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.
现在的产量是十年前的三倍。
[名师指津] 在倍数表达法中倍数一般放在第一个as或比较级或名词的前面。另外，倍数除了用times(三倍或三倍以上的数)来表示外，还可用分数、百分数以及twice/double(两倍)，triple(三倍)，fourfold(四倍)等来表示。
[典题在线]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Finally, that hard work paid
off and now the water in the river is cleaner (clean) than ever.
2.(2017·辽宁高考语法填空) The
harder
(hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit.He controls you!
3.(2017·广东高考语法填空) After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months earlier
(early), but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.
4.(2017·大纲卷单选)Raymond's parents wanted him to have the_best (good) possible education.
5.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ单选)It may not be a great suggestion. But before
a better (good)
one
is put forward, we'll make do with it.
6.(2017·天津高考单选)I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are more_meaningful (meaningful) things to do.
7.(2017·辽宁高考单选)This is by far the_most_inspiring (inspiring) movie that I have ever seen.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2015·陕西高考短文改错)My mum makes the better biscuits in the world, so I decided to ask her for help.better→best
2.(2016·泉州一模短文改错)Your story is wonderful; I've never heard a good one before.good→better
3.(2016·兰州一模短文改错)—Goods imported from abroad are not always best than those made in China.
—Yes. Some of the goods made in our country are of high quality.best→better
4.(2016·石家庄一模短文改错)The most you practise, the better you can understand. most→more_
5.Our school which was built last year is three times as bigger as his.bigger→big对点集训即时巩固·提升知能Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.I was about to give up when my father came and encouraged
(encouragement)
me to keep going.
2.Parents arrange (arrangement) everything for their children and spare no effort to pave the way for their success.
3.This hill is four times higher (high) than that small one.
4.(2016·齐齐哈尔模拟)In addition to reading for knowledge, we read for fun and inspiration (inspire).
5.I don't think it a reasonable (reason) practice for them to behave that way in our society.
6.(2016·河南省六市联考)Friends are more important (importance) than phones in our daily life.
7.The farmers' living conditions have improved significantly (significance) ever since the policy of supporting agriculture was introduced.
8.(2016·石家庄高中毕业班模拟)Already, she looked like she was much braver (brave) than Larry had been then.
9.The earlier (early) the treatment is given, the better it is for
the patient.
10.Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller (small) one, which is very easy for me to carry.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.To make matters bad, now I have to share a room with my younger sister, Maggie. bad→worse
2.The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others blind.
blind→blindly
3.(2016·银川模拟)In some places you may borrow as more books as you need, but in others you are limited to a certain number of books. more→many
4.Well, I like much more than one, such as painting and model making, but my favorite is dancing. 去掉much
5.(2016·贵阳模拟)Five years ago, our playground was five times the size with yours.with→of
6.She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerfully symbol in last year's election. powerfully→powerful
7.(2016·哈尔滨质检)Most of the fish there was freezing, but we had not much trouble finding some fresh fish at the other part of the market. freezing→frozen
8.(2016·吉林质检)In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified high can make use of them to achieve their purposes. high→highly
9.I named them “cookies” because I always feel that children can bring great happy and excitement to my life. happy→happiness
10.As you are very popularly with us Chinese high school students, we'd like to invite you to the exhibition. popularly→popular
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2016·郑州模拟)Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people's daily life. These
proverbs are often
1.interesting (interest) stories.
2.For
example, the proverb,
“pluck up a crop
3.to_help
(help) it grow”， is based on the following story.
It is said that a shorttempered man in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up
4.quickly
(quick). He was thinking about it
day and night. But the crop was growing much slower than he expected.
One day, he came up with an idea
5.that
he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. He did so the next day.
He was very tired after doing this for a whole day,
6.but/yet
he felt very happy since the crop did
“grow”
7.higher
(high).
His son
8.heard
(hear) about this and went to see the crop. Unfortunately the leaves of the crop began to wither.
This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their
9.natural
(nature) course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often
10.results
(result) in the contrary to our intention.
