高考英语语法专项练习之特殊句式和主谓一致
[深化认知]
一、倒装句
(一)部分倒装
1.将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有：never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely ... when ..., no sooner ... than ..., not only ... but also ..., not until, nowhere, neither ... nor ... 等。
Not until the press reported the pollution did people know why the water supply had been cut off.
直到报纸报道污染情况，人们才知道水供给为什么会被切断。
2.“only+状语”置于句首时，主句要进行部分倒装。
(2013·全国卷Ⅱ单选)Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent can the patients be treated properly in this hospital.
只有增加50%的医生，病人才能在这家医院得到妥善治疗。
3.so/such ... that ... 结构中的so, such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。
So suddenly did he catch the disease that the whole family were at a great loss.
他患病突然，全家人全然不知所措。
4.表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用倒装结构“so/ neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语”(so表示肯定意义，neither/nor表示否定意义)。
5.as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装结构。即as引导的让步状语从句中必须将表语、状语(形容词、副词、分词)或实义动词提前，构成“形容词/副词/名词/动词/分词+as+主语+谓语的其他部分”的形式。
Hard as they tried，they couldn't make her change her mind.
尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。
(二)全部倒装
1.here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时，句子用全部倒装。
John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.
约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。
2.such置于句首时。
Such are the facts; no one can deny them.
这些就是事实，没有人能否定它们。
[名师指津] 此句型中such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。
二、省略句
1.复合句中的省略
在as if, if, though, when, where, while, no matter what, until等引导的从句中，若谓语部分含be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。
All the photographs in this book, unless (the photographs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.
这本书里所有的照片，除非有说明的，否则，都要追溯到20世纪50 年代。
2.动词不定式符号to的省略及不定式的省略
在主动语态中，感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时，往往将不定式符号to省略;在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动作而保留不定式符号to。
(2013·全国卷Ⅰ单选)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.
那名司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。
3.so/not构成替代省略
英语中还常常用so/not等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容，so/not多跟在I'm afraid/I hope/I think/I guess/I believe等开头的答句中;条件状语从句中有时也有类似的用法，如：if so/if not等。
It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If so, we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
听起来好像汽车引擎出故障了。如果这样的话，我们最好立即把它送到汽修厂。
三、强调句
1.强调句型
(1)强调句型的基本结构：It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who+句子其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语等进行强调。
(2)强调句型的一般疑问句结构：Is/Was +it+被强调的部分+that/who+句子其他部分?
Was it in the park that he met our new teacher?
他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗?
(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that+句子其他部分?
注意：强调句型也可用于宾语从句中，但注意语序要用陈述句语序。
He asked what it was that made him so upset.
他询问究竟是什么让他如此难过。
(4)not ... until句型的强调句型结构：It is/was not until ... +that+句子其他部分。
It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.
直到我来到这里我才意识到这个地方出名不仅仅是因为它的美丽还因为它的气候。
2.强调谓语动词
用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。
She did tell me about her address, but I forgot all about it.
她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。
[典题在线]
完成句子
1.(2015·天津高考单选)Only when Lily walked into the office did_she_realize (她才意识到) that she had left the contract at home.
2.(2015·湖南高考单选)Only after talking to two students did_I_discover_ (我才发现) that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.
3.(2015·北京高考单选)If_accepted (如果你被接受) for the job, you'll be informed soon.
4.(2015·湖南高考单选)It was when we were returning home that_I_realized (我才意识到) what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
5.(2014·大纲卷单选)Not only do_the_nurses_want (护士想) a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.
6.(2014·陕西高考单选)No sooner had_Mo_Yan_stepped_on_the_stage_ (莫言一上台) than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
7.(2014·湖南高考单选)It's not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that_makes_life_happy (让生活快乐).
8.(2013·浙江高考单选)There are some health problems that, when_not_treated_in_time (如果不及时处理), can become bigger ones later on.
9.(2013·天津高考单选) It_was_not_until_near_the_end_of_the_letter_that (直到将近信的结尾) she mentioned her own plan.
主谓一致[深化认知]
主谓一致原则
一、意义一致原则
1.由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。
The writer and teacher Smith has gone through millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.
既是作家又是教师的史密斯自从搬到悉尼经历了无数的成败。
2.“no/each/every/many a+单数名词+and+no/each/every/many a+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
3.非谓语动词或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Knowing how to think clearly and how to speak correctly gives one confidence.
知道怎样清晰地思考并正确地说出来会增加人的自信。
4.含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况
(1)“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Many a large and big business has been built up from small ones.
很多大企业都是从小规模发展起来的。
(2)all, the rest, the remaining/part ...+主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.
工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三， 剩余部分节省出来作为他用。
(3)“几分之几/百分之几+of+名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
二、就近一致原则
1.由or, either ...or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but (also) ...等连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.
或者你或者我要负责这件事的。
Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the film.
不仅学生而且老师也喜欢这部电影。
2.由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pencil and two pens in the pencilbox.
= There are two pens and a pencil in the pencilbox.
文具盒内有一支铅笔和两支钢笔。
三、语法一致原则
1.主语和谓语通常遵循语法一致的原则，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。
The majority of visitors were in favor of his conclusion that the number of books published on the subject was simply surprising.
大多数的访客都支持他的结论：在这个主题方面出版的书的数量真是令人惊讶。
2.a quantity of接名词时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。quantities of后接复数名词、不可数名词，后面的谓语动词通常用复数形式。
With more and more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.
= With more and more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
3.由“kind (form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语动词形式常取决于这些词的单复数。
This new type of buses is now on show.
这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。
4.主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等附属成分时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The murderer, together with his two brothers, was sentenced to death just now.
那个杀人犯， 连同他的两个兄弟刚才均被判处死刑。
[典题在线]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Yangshuo is (be) really beautiful.
2.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)This cycle goes (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night ...
3.(2015·湖南高考单选)It is important to remember that success is (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often takes (take) years to achieve.
4.(2014·广东高考语法填空)Wewere_told (tell) that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, but for the week after.
5.(2014·湖南高考单选)All we need is (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
6.(2013·福建高考单选)The famous musician, as well as his students, was_invited (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
7.(2013·江苏高考单选)Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.(2014·辽宁高考短文改错)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.have→has
2.(2014·四川高考短文改错)Hello, boys and girls! Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.go→goes
3.(2013·浙江高考短文改错)Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend.is→are
4.(2013·辽宁高考短文改错)Hard work have made him very ill. “He has ruined his health.”have→has
5.My father work in a factory and my mother is a teacher. We live a happy life together.work→works
6.Frank, with his two sisters, are leaving London by train next morning.are→is
7.The day before yesterday the police including one officer was searching for the murderer in that mountain.was→were
8.This is because two thirds of the earth's surface are made up of vast oceans.are→is 对点集训即时巩固·提升知能Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2016·天津模拟)Mr.Smith as well as his wife and daughter is (be) going to the Great Wall next week.
2.(2016·河南六校联考)Two fifths of the land in that district is (be) covered with trees and grass.
3.The whole family are_watching (watch) the Spring Festival Gala Evening now.
4.The drunken driver, rather than the passersby was (be) to blame for the traffic accident.
5.Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women who wears (wear) evening dress.
6.Quantities of money are (be) needed to equip the school.
7.(2016·济南质检)Between the two rows of trees stands (stand) the teaching building.
8.(2016·石家庄诊断)John has not yet passed the driving test, and neither has Henry.
9.Was it in 1969 that the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon?
10.More than one doctor was (be) involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.Mr Black, as well as the professor who comes from Peking University, are to attend our school meeting.are→is
2.(2016·哈尔滨模拟)It's reported that many a new house are being built at present in the disaster area.are→is
3.(2016·郑州检测)Only then she realized how serious the situation had been.she_realized→did_she_realize
4.Thirty minutes are enough for the work.are→is
5.While walk along the street, I heard my name called.walk→walking
6.(2016·太原模拟)The number of the students who come from the north are small.are→is
7.Nobody but one teacher and three students were in the laboratory.were→was
8.Not only I but also Jane and Mary is tired of the film.is→are
9.I will help you with the handbag if possibly.possibly→possible
10.—Are you a student?
—No, but I used to.to后加be
Ⅲ.完成句子(用倒装、省略或强调)
1.To my great surprise, there at the door stood_a_girl (站着一个女孩) trembling in wet clothes.
2.Not only is_the_teacher_himself__interested_in_football (老师自己对足球感兴趣), but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
3.It_was_two_days_before_my_mother_flew_to_New_York_that (正是在母亲飞去纽约的前两天) I arrived home.
4.Hardly had_the_singer_appeared_on_the_stage (这个歌手出现在舞台上) when the audience rose and cheered.
5.At the top of the hill lies_an_old_cottage (有个古老的小屋) which has a wonderful view of the whole city.
6.When we do_make_a_mistake (的确犯错误), we must correct it full openly, and as quickly as possible.
7.(2016·齐齐哈尔模拟)It was not until Jake came to China as an exchange student this summer that_he_began_to_realize_the_importance_of_learning_Chinese (他开始意识到学习汉语的重要性).
8.(2016·辽宁重点高校联考)If_necessary (如果有必要), you had better buy some cards with your pocket money.
Ⅳ.语法填空
(2016·东北三省四市联考)World Read Aloud Day is celebrated each year on the first Wednesday of March. It 1.was_started (start) by the LitWorld.org website in 2010 and has now reached 65 countries. 2.Its/The aim is to encourage people worldwide who cannot read to enjoy the benefits of a book. The website asks everyone 3.to_celebrate (celebrate) the day by taking a book, finding an audience, and reading out aloud. It is about taking action to show the world that the right to read and write 4.belongs (belong) to all people.
The website asks visitors to join in the movement to reduce 5.the number of illiterate (不识字的) people in the world. It is 6.absolutely (absolute) necessary to help those who cannot read. The website says, “It's time to start by reading aloud to 7.whoever might like it. Share a book with a child who might need it, share a story with someone who would treasure it, listen patiently to someone else's story as they share with you.” The United Nations 8.says (say), “Literacy involves a variety of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge, 9.and to participate fully in society.” In that way, World Read Aloud Day 10.does help make a difference.
