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公司财务之 做预算 Budgeting

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2020年08月29日

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公司财务之 做预算 Budgeting

销售量(actual sales)和开支(actual expenses)都可能在预算之外,利润也可能和预算相去甚远(way out of balance)。那我们为什么还强调预算的重要性呢?因为预算是反映企业未来一定时期内财务状况、经营成果以及现金收支的指标。经营者能通过预算掌握生产进度和财务状况,及时纠偏补漏。

建立预算表格(budget format)

收集公司的财务报表(financial statements),以此确保预算项目的完整性。如果没有财务报表,那就尽可能列出可能涉及的项目,包括差旅费、邮寄费、工资、奖金、外聘酬劳、招待费、娱乐费等。之后,在电子表格(spreadsheet's page)的左手边(left-hand side)按照时间顺序建立项目列(vertical column)。一些小企业通常建立12列。每一横行按时间填写花费内容。建议在项目列旁空出一列,填写实际的收入和支出(revenues and expenditures),以此审核与预算的差额。

⊙We can guestimate that our expenses this year will be along the same lines as last year.

我们可以估算我们今年的开支和去年基本持平。

⊙How much did we budget for travel allowance?我们对旅行津贴的预算是多少?

⊙Our greatest expense is salaries and wages.我们最大部分的开支在月薪和时薪上。

⊙How's the budget coming?预算结果如何?

销售收入和别的收入(sales and other revenues)

在做销售收入和别的收入的预算时,要考虑季节性因素(seasonal implications)。例如对零售商(retailer)而言,节假日,尤其是国家统一的节假日无疑是销售的旺季,销售额应当明显区别于别的月份。作为会计应当留意类似于申报所得税(income tax filings)等财务活动期限。总之,不应忽视销售的各种外力因素。

⊙What can we anticipate as far as sales go this month?我们预计这个月的销售情况如何?

⊙We estimate nearly 30%of our annual revenue comes during the New Year Festival period.

我们估计30%的年收入都来自新年节假期间。

成本和开支(costs and expenses)

成本是实现销售的广义上的花费,体现为材料费、水电费、运输费和工资、奖金等。开支则更加广义(general in nature),包含办公用品、邮寄费、电话费和租赁费等。

⊙We were under cost last month, but some unexpected expenses ate up whatever buffer we had.

我们上个月的成本在预算之内,但意外的费用消耗了备用金。

⊙How much was our telephone bill last month?

上个月的电话费是多少?

⊙Last year we went over budget by 20%on materials alone.去年我们光是在材料上就超出预算20%。

⊙We don't have adequate funding!我们没有足够资金!

⊙Looks like we've just barely broken even this year.看上去今年刚刚勉强盈亏相抵。

⊙We've done our best to estimate expenses.我们已经竭尽全力来评估开支了。

经营报表(operating statement)

经营报表数据也被称作是营业损益表(profit and loss statement,简称P & L)。销售额减去成本和花销等于税前收入(pre-tax income)。如果去年有盈利,那就还应当加上一项预算——税收(taxes)。

A:So if we add up all the money in and subtract all the money out, are we still making money?

B:Not only are we breaking even, but we even have a little bit of profit.

A:如果我们加上所有的收入并减去所有的花销,我们还赚钱吗?

B:我们不仅保本,还有一点盈余。

⊙Let me take a look at the breakdown.让我看一下明细表。

⊙Did we make a profit?我们盈利了吗?

资产负债表(balance sheet)

一般是将资产变化,如预计应收账款(accounts receivable),按先后顺序列在表的左方,将负债和业主权益列在表的右方。左右两方的数额相等。

⊙Don't despair, we still have over$50,000 sitting in accounts receivable.不要绝望,我们仍有超过5万美元的应收账。

⊙How can we collect on the accounts that are still owed?我们怎么才能将欠款收回?

⊙Our balance is positive, so that's good news。我们的收支呈积极态势,这是个好消息。

总结

预算不是未卜先知,但是能够通过数据的分析掌握一定时期内的经营状况和财务走向。销售业绩的预算不可能完美无缺,但是应当尽可能全面地考虑各种影响因素,得出相对准确的数额。成本和开支可以参考往年的记录,不要遗忘税收项目。

Words 单词表

anticipate预期,预测

barely勉强,只不过

bleak惨淡的,令人沮丧的

breakdown明细表,分类细账

estimate粗略估计,估算

expenses开支,费用

hurting手头拮据的,处境困难的

participate参与,分担

salary工资(月薪)

subtract减去

wage工资(周薪)

windfall意外收获,一笔横财

Phrases 短语表

account receivable应收账

along the same lines按照同样的思路

break even盈亏平衡,保本

cut back on削减,减少

cut the budget削减预算

in a row连续,一个接一个

add up加起来,合计

boon month销售旺季

budget for sth对于某事预算

cut corners节约,偷工减料

go over budget超出预算

lay off裁员,解雇

look forward to期待,盼望

make profit盈利,获利

negative balance负平衡,结余为负数

take a look at sth看一下某事

sit on(money)拖欠(欠款)

travel allowance差旅津贴

实景对话1

A:How's the budget coming?Let me take a look at the breakdown.

B:I'm almost done……We've done our best to estimate expenses. We can guestimate that our expenses this year will be along the same lines as last year.

A:Last year we went over budget by 20% on material salone. Lookslikewe've just barely broken even this year. How much did we budget for travel allowance?

B:Last year we spent a little over$5000 on travel. This year we should have less, because there won't be as many trade shows to participate. Our greatest expense is salaries and wages.

A:That's much harder to cut back on, because to do so we'd have to lay people off. That's not a good thing.I'd rather try to cut the budget some other way if we're really hurting.We can't cut corners with our employees.

B:Hopefully, it won't come to that.

A:So if we add up all the money in and subtract all the money out, are we still making money?

B:Not only are we breaking even, but we even have a little bit of profit.

A:预算结果怎么样?让我看看明细表。

B:我差不过就做完了……我们已经尽力估计开支了。粗略估计今年的开支将和去年的基本持平。

A:去年我们光是材料就超预算20%。看上去我们今年不过勉强盈亏相抵。旅行津贴的预算是多少?

B:去年我们花了5000多美元在旅行上。今年因为没有那么多的展销会要参加,所以会花得少一些。最大的开支在工资上。

A:那很难削减,因为这样会让很多人下岗。那可不是什么好事情。如果我们处境困难,我宁愿尝试通过别的方式来削减预算,但不能从员工身上克扣。

B:希望不会出现那样的情况。

A:那如果加上所有的入账并减去所有的花销,我们还赚钱吗?

B:我们不仅可以保本,而且还有一点盈余。

实景对话2

A:What can we anticipate as far as sales go this month?

B:This month has been pretty bleak. We might come up with a negative balance this month, which makes two months in a row.

A:That's not good……what are we going to do?

B:Well, don't despair, we still have over$50,000 sitting in accounts receivable.

A:How can we sit on a sum that size?We've got to get our customers to pay their bills!How can we collect on the accounts that are still owed?

B:Talk to the billing department. That's their job.But don't worry.We also have another windfall coming that might save our accounting ledger.

A:What's that?

B:Next month is boon month for sales. We estimate nearly 30%of our annual revenue comes during the New Year Festival period.

A:Well, that's something to look forward to at least.

A:这个月预期销售额如何?

B:这个月实在太惨了。我们可能出现负差,这种情况已经持续两个月了。

A:那可不太好……我们怎么办?

B:哦,不要绝望,我们仍然还有超过5万美元的应收款。

A:怎么会有那么多的应收款?我们必须让客户付账!怎么才能把欠款收回来?

B:得和结算部谈。那是他们的工作。但是别着急,我们也有一笔意外收获来补救我们的总账。

A:那是什么?

B:下个月是销售旺季,我们预计年收入的30%都将在新年期间产生。

A:嗯,至少还有些期待。


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