《孙子兵法》第57期:第十章 地形(1)

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地形篇 NO.1：

孙子曰： 地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。

我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。

通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。

可以往，难以返，曰挂。

挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，

敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。

我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。

支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也，引而去之，令敌半出而击之利。

隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌。

若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。

险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌;若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。

远形者，势均难以挑战，战而不利。

凡此六者，地之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。

这句啥意思：

孙子说：地形有“通”、“挂”、“支”、“隘”、“险”、“远”等六种。

凡是我们可以去，敌人也可以来的地域，叫做“通”;

在“通”形地域上，应抢先占开阔向阳的高地，保持粮道畅通，这样作战就有利。

凡是可以前进，难以返回的地域，称作“挂”;

在挂形的地域上，假如敌人没有防备，我们就能突击取胜。

假如敌人有防备，出击又不能取胜，而且难以回师，这就不利了。

凡是我军出击不利，敌人出击不利的地域叫做“支”。

在“支”形地域上，敌人虽然以利相诱，我们也不要出击，而应该率军假装退却，诱使敌人出击一半时再回师反击，这样就有利。

在“隘”形地域上，我们应该抢先占领，并用重兵封锁隘口，以等待敌人的到来;

如果敌人已先占据了隘口，并用重兵把守，我们就不要去进攻;如果敌人没有用重兵据守隘口，那么就可以进攻。

在“险”形地域上，如果我军先敌占领，就必须控制开阔向阳的高地，以等待敌人来犯;如果敌人先我占领，就应该率军撤离，不要去攻打它。

在“远”形地域上，敌我双方地势均同，就不宜去挑战，勉强求战，很是不利。

以上六点，是利用地形的原则。这是将帅的重大责任所在，不可不认真考察研究。

英文这么说：

Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain,to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2)entangling ground;(3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6)positions at a great distance from the enemy.

Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.

With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunnyspots,and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.

Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.

From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeathim.But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, returnbeing impossible,disaster will ensue.

When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is calledtemporizing ground.

In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will beadvisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then,when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.

With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisonedand await the advent of the enemy.

Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass,do not go after him if the pass is fullygarrisoned,but only if it is weakly garrisoned.

With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you shouldoccupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.

If the enemy has occupied them before you,do not follow him, but retreat and try to enticehim away.

If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies isequal,it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.

These six are the principles connected with Earth.The general who has attained a responsiblepost must be careful to study them.

什么叫做地形?

地形就是地表的自然形态。不过，这儿讲的“地形”，不是泛论一般地形，而是专论战地的形势。可是，战地的形势，又随地而异，有的就利于作战，有的就不利于作战。所以，要想利用地形，辅助作战，一定先要明了战地的形势，以便开进、展开、攻击、防御时，借以立胜。孙子继《行军篇》后，又提出《地形》问题，集中讨论地形、天时、敌情、军心及将才等，在军事上的交互作用。“地形篇第十”用今语译出，就是——论地形与军事行动的关系。