《孙子兵法》第58期:第十章 地形(2)

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地形篇 NO.2：

凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。

凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。

夫势均，以一击十，曰走;

卒强吏弱，曰驰;

吏强卒弱，曰陷;

大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩;

将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱;

将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。

凡此六者，败之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。

这句啥意思：

军队打败仗有“走”、“驰”、“陷”、“崩”、“乱”、“北”六种情况。

这六种情况的发生，不是天时地理的灾害，而是将帅自身的过错。

地势均同的情况下，以一击十而导致失败的，叫做“走”。

士卒强捍，军官懦弱而造成失败的，叫做“驰”。

将帅强悍，士卒儒弱而失败的，叫做“陷”。

偏将怨仇不服从指挥，遇到敌人擅自出战，主将又不了解他们能力，因而失败的，叫做“崩”。

将帅懦弱缺乏威严，治军没有章法，官兵关系混乱紧张，列兵布阵杂乱无常，因此而致败的，叫做“乱”。

将帅不能正确判断敌情，以少击众，以弱击强，作战又没有精锐先锋部队，因而落败的，叫做“北”。

以上六种情况，均是导致失败的原因。这是将帅的重大责任之所在，是不可不认真考察研究的。

英文这么说：

Now an army is exposed to six several calamities,not arising from natural causes, but fromfaults for which the general is responsible. These are:(1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3)collapse; (4) ruin;

(5) disorganization; (6) rout.

Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the resultwill be the flight of the former.

When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result isinsubordination.

When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.

When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate,and on meeting the enemy give battleon their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tellwhether or no he is in a position to fight,the result is ruin.

When the general is weak and without authority;when his orders are not clear and distinct;

When there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men,and the ranks are formed in aslovenly haphazard manner,the result is utter disorganization.

When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage alarger one,or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one,and neglects to place pickedsoldiers in the front rank,

the result must be rout.

These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who hasattained a responsible post.

片段赏析

作者在《地形第十》篇论述用兵作战怎样利用地形的问题，着重论述深入敌国作战的好处。作者分析了九种战地的特点和士兵处在这些地区的心理状态，相应地提出了在这些地区用兵的不同措施，认为深入敌国，等于把士兵投置在危地、陷入死地，他们会迫不得巳拚死作战，发挥更大的战斗力，而且，深入敌国，还可就地补充军粮，还可因离家太远而不会逃散，服从指挥，一心一意作战，夺得战争胜利。作者还讨论了地形是用兵的辅助条件，主将必须善于利用，对那些不明战况，不知战道的国君，命令可以不听，而将帅本身是“进不求名，退不避罪，而利合于主”。