万物简史 第42期:埃文斯牧师的宇宙(11)

At this point, about 4.5 billion years ago, an objectthe size of Mars crashed into Earth, blowing outenough material to form a companion sphere, theMoon. Within weeks, it is thought, the flung materialhad reassembled itself into a single clump, andwithin a year it had formed into the spherical rockthat companions us yet. Most of the lunar material, itis thought, came from the Earth’s crust, not its core,which is why the Moon has so little iron while wehave a lot. The theory, incidentally, is almostalways presented as a recent one, but in fact it wasfirst proposed in the 1940s by Reginald Daly of Harvard. The only recent thing about it ispeople paying any attention to it.

在这个时刻，大约在45亿年以前，一个火星大小的物体撞上了地球，炸飞了足够的材料来形成一颗伴星--月球。据认为，不出几个星期，被炸飞的材料已经重新聚成一团;不出一年，它变成了那个现在还陪伴着我们的岩石球体。据认为，构成月球的大部分材料来自地壳，不是地核，这就是月球上极少有铁的原因，而地球上铁却很多。顺便说一句，这个理论几乎总是被说成是最近提出的，而事实上，它最初由哈佛大学的雷金纳德•戴利于20世纪40年代提出。关于这个理论，惟一最近的事儿就是人们已经不大重视它了。

When Earth was only about a third of its eventual size, it was probably already beginning toform an atmosphere, mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, and sulfur. Hardly the sort ofstuff that we would associate with life, and yet from this noxious stew life formed. Carbondioxide is a powerful greenhouse gas. This was a good thing because the Sun was significantlydimmer back then. Had we not had the benefit of a greenhouse effect, the Earth might wellhave frozen over permanently, and life might never have gotten a toehold. But somehow lifedid.

当地球还是它最终大小的大约三分之一的时候，它很可能已经开始形成大气，主要由二氧化碳、氮、甲烷和硫组成。我们几乎不会把这些东西与生命联系起来;然而，在这有毒的混杂物中，生命形成了。二氧化碳是一种强有力的温室气体。它是一样好东西，因为当时太阳已经弱多了。要是我们没有受益于温室效应，地球很可能已经永久被冰雪覆盖。生命也许永远找不到一块立足之地。但是，生命以某种方式出现了。

For the next 500 million years the young Earth continued to be pelted relentlessly by comets,meteorites, and other galactic debris, which brought water to fill the oceans and thecomponents necessary for the successful formation of life. It was a singularly hostileenvironment and yet somehow life got going. Some tiny bag of chemicals twitched andbecame animate. We were on our way.

在之后的5亿年里，年轻的地球继续受到彗星、陨石和银河系里其他碎块的无情撞击。这个过程产生了蓄满海洋的水，产生了成功形成生命所必不可少的成分。这是个极不友好的环境，然而生命还是以某种方式开始了。有一小袋化学物质抽动一下，变成了活的。我们快要来到这个世界上了。

Four billion years later people began to wonder how it had all happened. And it is there that ourstory next takes us.

40亿年以后，人们开始想，这一切到底是怎么发生的?下面，我们就来讲讲这个故事。