万物简史 第87期:敲石头的人们(19)

Although there was no reliable way of datingperiods, there was no shortage of people willing totry. The most well known early attempt was in 1650when Archbishop James Ussher of the Church ofIreland made a careful study of the Bible and otherhistorical sources and concluded, in a hefty tomecalled Annals of the Old Testament, that the Earthhad been created at midday on October 23, 4004B.C., an assertion that has amused historiansand textbook writers ever since.

虽然没有可靠的方法来确定年代，却不乏愿意试一试的人。1650年，爱尔兰教会的詹姆斯·厄舍大主教进行了早年最著名的尝试。他对《圣经》和其他历史资料进行了仔细的研究，最后在一部名叫《旧约编年史》的巨著中下结论说，地球创造于公元前4004年10月23日中午。后来，历史学家和教科书作者一直把这个日期当做笑料。

Although virtually all books find a space for him, there is a striking variability in the detailsassociated with Ussher. Some books say he made his pronouncement in 1650, others in 1654,still others in 1664. Many cite the date of Earth's reputed beginning as October 26. Thematter is interestingly surveyed in Stephen Jay Gould's Eight Little Piggies.

尽管几乎所有的书都对厄舍有记述，但是关于他的一些详细事迹的记载尚有明显差异。有部分书称他上文的结论宣布于1650年，有的说是1654年，还有的是1664年。很多人认为普遍公认的地球初试日是10月26日。 这个说法来源于史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德的《八头小猪》一书中的一个有趣的调查。

There is a persistent myth, incidentally—and one propounded in many serious books—thatUssher's views dominated scientific beliefs well into the nineteenth century, and that it was Lyellwho put everyone straight. Stephen Jay Gould, in Time's Arrow, cites as a typical example thissentence from a popular book of the 1980s: "Until Lyell published his book, most thinkingpeople accepted the idea that the earth was young." In fact, no. As Martin J. S. Rudwick puts it, "No geologist of any nationality whose work was taken seriously by other geologists advocated atimescale confined within the limits of a literalistic exegesis of Genesis."

顺便提一句，有个很久不灭的神话——它在许多严肃的书里都提到过——厄舍的观点主宰了科学界，直到19世纪的很长时间里。是莱尔把这一切纠正了过来。作为一个典型例子，斯蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德在《时代之箭》中引用了20世纪80年代一本很热门的书里的一句话："在莱尔出版他的书以前，大多数思想家都接受了这种看法，即地球还很年轻。"实际并非如此。正如马丁·J.S.鲁迪克说的，“哪个国家的地质学家也不会主张把时标限死在《创世记》拘泥于字面意义的诠注的范围之内，要是他的作品被别的地质学家认真对待的话”。

Even the Reverend Buckland, as pious a soul as the nineteenth century produced, noted thatnowhere did the Bible suggest that God made Heaven and Earth on the first day, but merely"in the beginning." That beginning, he reasoned, may have lasted "millions upon millions ofyears." Everyone agreed that the Earth was ancient. The question was simply how ancient.

连巴克兰牧师这样一位19世纪很虔诚的人也认为，《圣经》里哪个地方也没有提到上帝是在第一天创造天地的，只是提到“起初”。他认为，那个开始也许持续了“几百几千万年”。大家都认为地球已经很古老。问题只在于：古老到什么程度?