企鹅，请不要离开
企鹅，请不要离开
------人类最萌的好朋友
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导读：
企鹅是人 类最感兴趣的动物之一。电影《帝企鹅日记》让我们记住了那些毛茸茸的，“萌”态百出的小家伙。然而，依赖冰层生活的企鹅是受气候变化影响最大的物种之一， 气温上升随之而来即是结冰季节的缩短，它们的栖息地已经在慢慢消融。虽然海冰融化可为企鹅提供觅食场所，短期内给企鹅带来“福利”，但消融的冰层最终还是 会将企鹅推入绝境。
原本也是企鹅主要栖息地的南极半岛上，阿德利企鹅数量在过去 30年间急剧减少了近九成。它们在那的最大族群已经灭绝。在这个全球平均气温上升最快地域之一的南极洲西部半岛，气温在过去半个世纪里上升了6℃，更多的 降雪掩埋了阿德利企鹅每年春天回来筑巢的岩层。全球变暖也颠覆了南极半岛食物链的构成，生活在浮冰下的浮游生物大量死亡，而以浮游生物为主食的磷虾同样也 未能幸免，数量锐减八成，而磷虾正是企鹅的重要食物。
让我们一起来关注人类最萌的好朋友---企鹅。
Penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the southern hemisphere, especially in Antarctica. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, and their wings have become flippers. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid, and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater. They spend about half of their lives on land and half in the oceans.
企鹅是一种不会飞的水生鸟类，企鹅几乎只栖居在南半球，特别是南极洲。为适应水生生活，企鹅长出了对比鲜明的黑白色羽毛，而他们翅膀也长出了蹼。大多数企鹅以在深水中游行时捕获的磷虾，小鱼，乌贼和其他海中生物为食。他们生命中大约有一半的时间生活在陆地上，一半时间生活在海洋中。
Although all penguin species are native to the southern hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south. Several species are found in the temperate zone, and one species, the Galápagos Penguin, lives near the equator.
尽管所有企鹅物种都源自于南半球，他们不只生存于寒冷气候区，如南极洲。事实上，只有很几种企鹅生活在如此遥远的南极。还有很多种企鹅生活在温带，而一种名叫加岛企鹅的企鹅则生活在赤道附近。
The largest living species is the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri): average adults are about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 35 kg (75 lb) or more. The smallest penguin species is the Little Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also known as the Fairy Penguin, which stands around 40 cm tall (16 in) and weighs 1 kg (2.2 lb). Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates (see also Bergmann's Rule). Some prehistoric species attained enormous sizes, becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human. These were not restricted to Antarctic regions; on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region not quite 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya, in a climate decidedly warmer than today.
最大的企鹅种类是皇企鹅：成年企鹅高约为1.1米，重约35千克多。最小的企鹅种类是小蓝企鹅，又名神仙企鹅，高约为40厘米，重达1千克。在现存的企鹅当中，大多数栖居在较寒冷的地带， 而只有少数企鹅生活在温带甚至热带地区。然而有些史前企鹅物种身型巨大，可以达到与人类一样的身高和体重。他们生活的地带并不仅仅限于南极地区，反而亚南极地带孕育了很多种企鹅，至少有一种巨型企鹅曾出现在赤道以南2000千米的地带，而那里的气候显然也是比今天更温暖。
Breeding 繁育
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Penguins for the most part breed in large colonies, the exceptions being the Yellow-eyed and Fiordland species; these colonies may range in size from as few as a 100 pairs for Gentoo Penguins, to several hundred thousand in the case of King, Macaroni and Chinstrap Penguins. Living in colonies results in a high level of social interaction between birds。Agonistic displays are those intended to confront or drive off, or alternately appease and avoid conflict with, other individuals.
除黄眼企鹅和峡湾企鹅外，大部分企鹅过着群居生活，群居数量从巴布亚企鹅的100对左右到
帝企鹅，马克罗尼企鹅和帽带企鹅的成百上千对。这种群居生活导致了企鹅之间高度的社会互动性。敌对示威意在迎接，驱赶或平息及避免与其他生物的冲突。
Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, though the rate the same pair recouples varies drastically. Most penguins lay two eggs in a clutch, although the two largest species, the Emperor and the King Penguins, lay only one. With the exception of the Emperor Penguin, where the male does it all, all penguins share the incubation duties. These incubation shifts can last days and even weeks as one member of the pair feeds at sea.
企鹅繁育实行一夫一妻制，但同一对企鹅再次配对的比率变化很大。尽管皇企鹅和帝企鹅这两类最大的企鹅每窝产蛋一枚，但大多数企鹅每窝产蛋两枚。除了皇企鹅是由雌性企鹅独自负责孵化外，所有的企鹅都是雌雄共同分担孵化任务。孵化任务数天甚至数周轮换一次，孵化期间另一只企鹅在海边进食。
Penguins generally only lay one brood; the exception is the Little Penguin, which can raise two or three broods in a season.
企鹅一般只抱一窝，而小企鹅会抱窝2次或者3次每季。
Penguin eggs are smaller than any other bird species when compared proportionally to the weight of the parent birds; at 52 g (2 oz), the Little Penguin egg is 4.7% of its mothers' weight, and the 450 g (1 lb) Emperor Penguin egg is 2.3%. The relatively thick shell forms between 10 and 16 % of the weight of a penguin egg, presumably to minimise risk of breakage in an adverse nesting environment. The yolk, too, is large, and comprises 22–31 % of the egg. Some yolk often remains when a chick is born, and is thought to help sustain it if parents are delayed in returning with food.
如果按母鸟体重比例进行比较，企鹅蛋比其他任何鸟类的蛋都要小，小企鹅的蛋重约52克，为母鸟体重的4.7%，而皇企鹅的蛋重约450克，为母鸟体重的2.3%。较厚的蛋壳重量约为鸟蛋本身重量的10%-16%，大概是为了减少鸟蛋在不利环境下破损的风险。蛋黄要大一些，构成了蛋体重量的22%-31%。一些蛋黄在雏鸟出壳时仍保留着，被认为是在雌雄鸟外出觅食晚归时维持雏鸟的生存。
When mothers lose a chick, they sometimes attempt to "steal" another mother's chick, usually unsuccessfully as other females in the vicinity assist the defending mother in keeping her chick.
当母鸟丢失雏鸟时，她们有时会试图偷盗别人的雏鸟，但通常是不会成功的，因为附近其他的雌鸟会帮助母鸟保护她的雏鸟。
Penguins and Humans 企鹅与人类
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Penguins seem to have no special fear of humans, and have approached groups of explorers without hesitation. This is probably because penguins have no land predators in Antarctica or the nearby offshore islands. Instead, penguins are at risk at sea from predators such as the leopard seal. Typically, penguins do not approach closer than about 3 meters (10 ft) at which point they become nervous. This is also the distance that Antarctic tourists are told to keep from penguins (tourists are not supposed to approach closer than 3 meters, but are not expected to withdraw if the penguins come closer).
企鹅似乎对人类没有特别的恐惧，他们会毫不犹豫地接近探险考察组。这很可能是因为企鹅在南极洲和附近海岛上没有陆生捕食者。然而，企鹅在海中却有被捕食的危险---海豹。需要特别指出的是，企鹅从不会走进距离在3米以内的区域，因为小于这个距离会让它们感到紧张。这个距离也是南极洲导游告知游客需要和企鹅保持的距离（游客不能走进距离企鹅3米以内的区域，但当企鹅走近时也不要退后。）
Penguins are popular around the world, primarily for their unusually upright, waddling gait and (compared to other birds) lack of fear of humans. Their striking black-and-white plumage is often likened to a tuxedo suit. Mistakenly, some artists and writers have penguins based at the North Pole. This is incorrect, as there are almost no wild penguins in the northern hemisphere, except the small group on the northernmost of the Galápagos. The cartoon series Chilly Willy helped perpetuate this myth, as the title penguin would interact with northern-hemisphere species such as polar bears and walruses.
企鹅是世界上最受欢迎的动物之一，主要是因为它们那异乎寻常的笔直又摇摆的步态以及对人类的亲近。它们那引人注目的黑白色羽毛经常被比作是燕尾服。有些艺术家和作家误以为企鹅生长在北极。这是不正确的，除了加拉帕戈斯群岛最北边有一小部分企鹅栖居外，北半球几乎没有野生企鹅生存。动画片《Chilly Willy》使这个谜成为永远，因为题目企鹅可能会和北半球的北极熊和海象相混。
Penguins have been the subject of many books and films such as Happy Feet, Surf's Up and The Penguins of Madagascar. Penguins have also found their way into a number of cartoons and television dramas;
企鹅已经成为许多书籍和电影的主角，如Happy Feet， Surf's Up and The Penguins of Madagascar。 企鹅也在众多的卡通剧和电视剧中找到了出路。
Several pro, minor, college and high school sport teams have named themselves after the species, with the Pittsburgh Penguins team in the National Hockey League。
许多大学，高中学生运动队将自己团队命名为企鹅队，如美国国家冰球联盟的匹兹堡企鹅队。
Key Words关键词：
penguin:企鹅；aquatic：水生的； southern hemisphere：南半球； Antarctica：南极洲； flippers：脚蹼； Krill：磷虾；squid：乌贼；sealife：海洋生物；temperate ：温和的，适度的；prehistoric：史前的； equator：赤道； incubation：孵化； leopard seal：海豹； tuxedo：燕尾服
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