英语修辞与写作·22.3　有关论文格式的几个问题

22.3　有关论文格式的几个问题

22.3A　论文格式的几个主要方面

1） 前面3.2B所讲到的一般文章规范和本章22.1B提到的论文格式，都是基本要求。

2） 注释和参考书目是论文的两个重要组成部分，引文多是论文的一个特色，而这些也都有其规范要求。鉴于文科英语论文都遵循MLA （Modern Language Association of America） Style, 我们仅参照MLA的有关规定作些简要介绍，详细内容应查阅MLA Handbook。

22.3B　摘引

1） 摘引必须准确无误，对原文不可改动，但在不歪曲原意的前提之下可以省去一些词语或句子，例如：

“Various headings can be used for this listing — Bibliography, References ..., but Works Cited is recommended.”

2） 摘引内容达到或超过四行时则称之为Block Quotation. MLA Handbook要求这种摘引左边缩进4个字母，右边不缩，隔行排印，不加引号（原文有时则不变）。例如：

The dog has advantages in the way of uselessness as well as in special gifts of temperament. He is often spoken of ... as the friend of man, and his intelligence and fidelity are praised. The meaning of this is that the dog is man's servant and that he has the gift of an unquestioning subservience and a slave's quickness in guessing his master's mood ...”

（Veblen）

“Your tempers are by no means unlike. You are each of you so complying that nothing will ever be resolved on; so easy, that every servant will cheat you; and so generous, that you will always exceed your income.”

（ibid）

3） 引进引语的几种常见方式。冒号是引进引语的一种较为正式的形式，例如：

Emerson bluntly stated his faith in self-reliant individuals as follows:“An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man.”

动词said, wrote等加上逗号，是引进引语的常见形式：

Emerson wrote, “An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man.”

介词短语“according to ...”也可引进引语，并且该引导部分可置句首或插入句中，在句中时前后用逗号相隔。例如：

According to Emerson, “An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man.”

“An institution,”according to Emerson,“is the lengthened shadow of one man.”

当引语是整个句子的一个成分（通常是主语、表语或宾语）或用that连接时，不用逗号。例如：

“All the Way with MLA” was their slogan.

They followed the principle of “All the way with MLA.”

They maintained that “All the way with MLA is our principle.”

22.3C　注释

1） 注释的功能主要有两种，一种是对论文中的某个要点或词语加以说明，称为Explanation note，另一种是引导读者参阅论文的其他某个部分或其他某个文件，这种叫做Reference note；有的注释兼有上述两种功能。

2） 从注释所处的位置看，主要有脚注（Footnote）和尾注（Endnote）两种。

如果使用脚注，在文中需在注释部位的右上方加上编号，并须把某页的注释安排在该页的下方，为此，脚注对读者方便，但会给排印者带来一定的麻烦。下面的例子是文章某页的最后几行，该页有两条脚注：

... At their first meeting Elizabeth and Darcy are both guilty of the faults expressed in the title of the novel1. He is proud of his social position, and she is proud of her “fallible perceptions”2 — her faith is her ability to judge.

尾注较好安排，只需对论文的注释按先后次序编号，在文章的最后（可另起一页）排印上所有的注释。

还有一种题注（Title note），可按脚注办法处理，或在文章标题和正文之间，这是一种较突出的题注，并通常用“*”代替数码标号。

3） 同一个文件在一篇论文中再次提到时，第一次注释（Primary note）必须明确和完整，便于读者查对，而再次提及（Secondary note）时则可简略。试比较下面的1号注释和7号注释，前者全，后者略：

1. I. F. Stone, The Trial of Socrates （Boston: Little, 1988） 102.

　...

7. Stone, Trial 118.

22.3D　参考文献

1） MLA Handbook关于参考文献的格式规定得相当详尽，共计40多项，这里仅就几个最常见方面加以简略介绍。MLA认为，论文参考文献的英文表示方法可以有好几种，如Bibliography, Literature Cited, References, Sources,等，但以Works Cited为最好，因为论文的参考材料除书之外，还有其他材料在内。

2） 书的标准排列：

Stone, I. F. 　The Trial of Socrates. 　Boston: Little, 1988.

说明：

a. 首行缩进5个字母，第二行再缩进5个，第三行与第二行齐。

b. 作者姓名应同标题页一致，不同作者均以其姓的字母先后为序，姓后加逗号，后空一个字母；名后加句号，后空两字母。

c. 书名同标题页一致（不同封面一致），加下横线（斜体），书名后加句号，各空两个字母。若有副标题，则以逗号同正标题相隔，亦须加下横线（斜体），后同样空两个字母。

d. 若有几个出版地名，只需标出第一个，后加冒号，接出版商。

e. 出版商名用简化式，如用Little代表Little, Brown & Co.,用Macmillan代表Macmillan Publishing Company, 用Norton代表W. W. Norton and Co. Inc., 用Penguin代表Penguin Books, Inc.,等，MLA Handbook有详载。出版商后加逗号，空一字母，后接出版年份，最后句号。

3） 期刊的标准排列：

Kekes, John. “Understanding Evil.” American Philosophical Quarterly 25 （1988）: 13－24.

说明：

a. 期刊有季刊、月刊、周刊等不同类别，但标准排列的基本次序相同：作者，标题，出版年份，页码。

b. 作者的标法与书同。

c. 标题部分先是作者的文章题目，用引号，内有句号，然后是期刊标题，下横线（斜体），后空一个字母，接期刊号，再空一个字母，加括号于出版年份，再加冒号，空一字母，接着是文章所在页码，最后句号。

4） 如有两个作者（或编者）时，应按标题页的次序排列，其中首位作者姓在前，名在后，加逗号，再加and，后接另一位作者，其署名方式（名+姓）照标题上的次序不变；若有3个作者，则在第三位作者前加and。例如：

Abramson, Jill, and Barbara Franklin. Where They Are Now: The Story of the Women of Harvard Law 1974. Garden City: Doubleday, 1986.

McMahon, Elizabeth, Robert Funk, and Susan Day. The Elements of Writing about Literature and Film. New York: Macmillan, 1988.

若超过3名作者，只标首位，后以et al.表示之：

Elliot, Emory, et al., eds. Columbia Literary History of the United States. New York: Columbia UP, 1988.

5） 同一个作家的几部作品，只需在第一部作品前面署作者姓名，第二部前面则以3个连字号代替。例如：

Irving, John, The Cider House Rules. New York: Morrow, 1985.

... The Hotel New Hampshire. New York: Dutton, 1981.

6） 对于翻译作品，通常是将译者姓名放到书名之后。例如：

Machado, Antonio. Trans Selected Poems. Alan S. Trueblood. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1988.

练习二十二　（Exercise Twenty-Two）

I. Preview Questions:

1. Can you call thesis writing just an ordinary written exercise?

2. Do you think the three basic requirements cited in 22.1B are all important in writing a thesis?

3. Which three questions you'd bear in mind when you are preparing a thesis?

4. Do you think it necessary to make an outline for the thesis you are writing?

5. Why is it important to revise one's draft?

6. Do you know what MLA stands for?

7. Can you tell one of the ways to introduce a quotation?

8. How many kinds of notes do you usually use in the thesis?

9. Do you know how to cite a reference book by two authors according to MLA system?

II. Revise the following according to the rhetorical principles you have learned:

When you come right down to it, there is no law that says you have got to make use of big words when you write or talk.

There are large numbers of small words, and good ones, that can be made to say all the things you want to say, which can function quite as well as the big ones. A bit more time may be taken to find them at first. But it can be well worth it, for everyone of us knows what he means. Some small words, more than you might conceive, are lavish with just the right feel, the right taste, as if made to assist you say a thing the way it should be said.

Small words can be crisp, brief, laconic — go to the point, like a knife. They have a charm all their own. They dance, twist, turn, sing. Like sparks in the night they light the way for the eyes of those who read. They are the grace notes of prose. You know what they say the way you know a day is bright and fair at first sight. And you find, in the process of your reading, that you like the way they say it. Small words are gay. And they can catch large thoughts and hold them up for all to see, like rare stones in rings of gold, or joy in the eyes of someone in his childhood.

III. Read the following and then mark whether each of the statements is true （T） or false （F）.

When you learn to drive a car, you study dozens of separate skills, from turning the ignition key to applying the brakes. Yet driving a car is not merely the sum of those skills, like adding up shifting+steering+acceleration + braking. Although you learn all of these skills independently, you still must be able to combine them into one over-riding skill: the ability to pilot a 3,000-pound machine even when it is hurtling down an expressway at 55 miles per hour. Furthermore, when you are on that expressway and some idiot outs right in front of you, there is no time to say to yourself, “Now I must push hard on my brake and then I must check the mirror to see if I can change lanes and then I must steer to the left.” People become accident statistics that way. Instead, you must be able to use your skills instinctively and simultaneously.

So, too, with the complex skill of writing. We have talked about many separate skills in this book. But good writing is not just the sum of those skills, it's not a matter of good words+good sentences+good paragraphs+appropriate forms. Instead you need to combine, to integrate those skills. This means learning to use them instinctively and simultaneously, as you confront the challenges every writer must meet in paper writing.

When you are writing a short paper, usually five pages or so, the process can be divided into four stages:finding a topic, planning the paper, writing the paper, and revising it. Of course, you should not think of this division into four stages as you would a recipe. This composing process should be regarded as a series of continuous actions that bring about a certain result. In fact, many of these actions go on simultaneously.

Writing long papers, however, involves a lot more work. For instance, after you have chosen your topic, you might draw up a sketchy outline and start finding sources, taking notes;then convert your rough outline into a final outline before you start writing, or drafting. When the draft is finished, you have to revise, or rewrite it until you are satisfied. There the final manuscript will be ready and now you should turn your attention to proofreading.

Statements:

1. The four stage process can be applied to any paper writing, which includes finding a topic, planning the paper, writing the paper and revising it. Although a short paper covers usually five pages or so while a long paper covers many more pages and it goes without saying that it takes much more time and efforts.

2. Driving a car requires that the driver acquire not only the knowledge of the separate skills but also the ability to combine them into one overriding skill and use separate skills instinctively, simultaneously and appropriately under different circumstances.

3. Writing a long paper is different from writing short ones in that besides topic finding, paper planning, drafting and revising, the writer has to do a lot more work, i. e. the writer has to find sources, take notes, drawing up an outline before he/she starts writing or drafting.

4. As driving includes the whole set of skills ranging from turning the ignition key, shifting, steering, accelerating to braking and stopping, writing can be viewed as good words + good sentences + good paragraphs + appropriate forms. Both writing and driving are necessary to the society, though one can be more complicated and needs more time to learn.

IV. Arrange the following materials according to MLA style:

1. The title of the book is The Norton Guide to Writing, published in 1992 by W. W. Norton & Company, in New York. The author is Thomas Cooley.

2. Origins of the English Language by Joseph M. Williams was printed in 1986 by Collier Macmillan publishers, London.

3. The book entitled Readings for Composition, A Writer's Anthology edited by Adrienne Robins and Steven Robins, was published in 1992 by St. Martin's Press, Inc., New York.

4. John Kekes's article “Understanding Evil”was published in 1988 in the 25th issue of the periodical American Philosophical Quarterly from page 13 to page 24.

5. Alan S. Trueblood translated Selected Poems which were written by Antonio Machado. The book was published in 1988 by Harvard UP, Cambridge.

6. Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik collaborated on A Grammar of Contemporary English, printed in 1972 by Longman Group Ltd, London.

7. The three works cited here are all by Noam Chomsky. The first is Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, published in 1970 by MIT Press at Cambridge, Mass. The second is Barriers, published in 1986 by the MIT Press at Cambridge, Mass. The third is a paper entitled “Some Notes on Economy of Derivation and Representation”,which is included in Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar （pp.417－454） edited by R. Freidin and published in 1991 by the MIT Press at Cambridge, Mass.

* * *

1. Mary Lascelles, Jane Austen and Her Art （Oxford: Clarendon, 1963） 160.

2. Marilyn Butler, Jane Austen and the War of Ideas （Oxford:Clarendon, 1975） 207.

参考答案

Ⅱ.　When you come right down to it, there is no law that says you have to use big words when you write or talk.

There are lots of small words, and good ones, that can be made to say all the things you want to say, quite as well as the big ones. It may take a bit more time to find them at first. But it can be well worth it, for all of us know what they mean. Some small words, more than you might think, are rich with just the right feel, the right taste, as if made to help you say a thing the way it should be said.

Small words can be crisp, brief, terse — go to the point, like a knife. They have a charm all their own. They dance, twist, turn, sing. Like sparks in the night they light the way for the eyes of those who read. They are the grace notes of prose. You know what they say the way you know a day is bright and fair — at first sight. And you find, as you read, that you like the way they say it. Small words are gay. And they can catch large thoughts and hold them up for all to see, like rare stones in rings of gold, or joy in the eyes of a child.

Ⅲ. 1. F　2. T　3. T　4. F

Ⅳ. 1. Cooley, Thomas, The Norton Guide to Writing. New York: Norton, 1992.

2. Williams, J. M. Origin of the English Language: London: Macmillan, 1986.

3. Robins, A. and Steven Robins. Readings for Composition: A Writer's Anthology. Ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1992.

4. Kekes, John. “Understanding Evil.” American Philosophical Quarterly 25 （1988）: 13－24.

5. Machado, Antonio. Selected Poems. Trans. Alan S. Trueblood. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1988.

6. Quirk, Randolph, et al., eds. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.

7. Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1970.

--- Barriers. Cambridge, Mass: MIT, 1986.

--- “Some Notes on Economy of Derivation and Representation.” Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar. R. Freidin. Ed. Cambridge, Mass: MIT, 1991, 417－454.