演讲MP3+双语文稿:如果一项人权就能改变世界呢?

听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:如果一项人权就能改变世界呢?，希望你会喜欢！

【演讲者及介绍】Kristen Wenz

克里斯汀·温茨是国际发展界的一位新兴领袖，被认为是法律身份问题的全球顶级专家。

【演讲主题】如果一项人权就能改变世界呢？

What if a single human right could change the world?

【中英文字幕】

翻译者Lilian Chiu 校对者 Helen Chang

00:12

So, when I was 14, my family was in the process of adopting my little brothers from Ethiopia. And one day my mom asked, "What day should we put for their birthday?" "Uh, the day they were born, obviously?" Ridiculous question. And then my mom said, "Well, Kristen, neither of your little brothers have a birth certificate, so how do you suggest we find out when that was?" Mind blown. Now, 20 years later, I'm still working on it, except instead of trying to solve the mystery of my brothers' missing birth certificates, I try to solve this problem globally.

我十四岁时， 我的家人正在跑流程，要将 我的弟弟们从埃塞俄比亚领养回来。 有一天，我母亲问： 「写他们的生日时要写哪一天？」 「呃，不就是他们 出生的那一天吗？」 可笑的问题。 接着，我母亲说： 「克里斯廷，你的两个弟弟 都没有出生证明书， 你觉得我们要如何 查出他们出生的日子？」 好震惊。 二十年后，我仍然在为此努力， 只是，现在不是试着解决 我弟弟没有出生证明的谜， 而是解决全球的这个问题。

00:49

So what do birth certificates have to do with international development? To answer that, we have to look back at the original development agenda, the human rights agenda.

所以，出生证明 和国际发展有什么关系？ 为了回答这个问题，我们得要 回头看看原始的开发重点， 人权的重点项目。

00:58

So in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, for the first time, set a shared vision of basic human rights and dignities that apply to all people in all nations: Article 6, the right to be recognized as a person before the law. Or, a legal identity. For children, this is a birth certificate. And despite this being a universal human right, one billion people today have no record they exist, making it one of the greatest human rights violations of our time, yet nobody seems to know about it.

1948 年，《世界人权宣言》 史上第一次 设定了基本人权 和尊严的共同远景， 适用于所有国家的所有人民： 第六条： 人人于任何所在有 被承认为法律上主体之权利。 或者，合法身分。 对孩子来说，这就是出生证明。 尽管这是一项世界人权， 现今有十亿人没有 存在于世界上的记录， 这是我们这个时代 最严重的人权违反之一， 似乎却没有人知道这件事。

01:34

In the face of world poverty and hunger, making sure everyone in the world has a legal identity doesn't really seem important, but in reality it is. See, early in my career, I was working with a social worker in a slum community in Mumbai, and we were following up on a case with this little girl who had contracted polio as a baby and was paralyzed from the waist down. When we arrived at the home, we found her on the floor. Her legs were badly scarred and infected, she was malnourished, she had never gone to school and she had spent most of her life confined to this small, dark room. When we left, I asked the social worker what the case plan was, and she said, "Well first, we have to get her a birth certificate." I was a little taken aback. I said, "Well, don't you think we need to get her some social assistance and a safe place to live and into a school?" She goes, "Exactly, which is why we need to get her a birth certificate."

面临世界贫困和饥荒之际， 确保世界上人人都有合法身分 似乎不那么重要， 但，其实很重要。 在我的职涯初期， 我在孟买的贫民窟 和一位社工合作， 我们在追踪一个小女孩的案例， 她在婴儿时期染上小儿麻痹， 腰部以下都瘫痪。 我们到她家时， 我们发现她在地板上。 她的双腿有严重的伤疤 且受到感染， 她营养不良， 她从来没有上过学， 她人生中大部分的时间都被 关在这间又小又暗的房间中。 我们离开时，我问社工 这个案例的计划是什么， 她说：「我们先帮她 弄一张出生证明。」 我有点吃惊。 我说：「你不认为我们应该 帮她寻求某种社会协助， 找个安全的住处，协助她上学？」 她说：「没错，这就是为什么 我们要帮她弄一张出生证明。」

02:30

See, without a legal identity, you are not recognized as a person by the government. And a person who doesn't officially exist can't access government services, and the government can only provide services for the number of people they know about. Hence, people are overlooked, for example, by routine immunization services.

要知道，没有合法身分， 你不会被政府视为一个人。 没有正式被认可存在的人， 就不能取得政府的服务， 政府只能提供服务 给他们知道的人。 因此，举例来说，有人就会 被例行的免疫服务给忽略。

02:49

People without a legal identity are both uncounted and unprotected. They're among the poorest members of society from the most marginalized communities. They're victims of trafficking. Human traffickers know that it's nearly impossible to find someone if there was never a record they existed in the first place. They're victims of exploitation, such as child marriage and child labor. Without a birth certificate, how do you prove a child is still a child? They're among the stateless; birth certificates provide proof of who your parents are and where you were born, the two main factors for acquiring nationality.

没有合法身分的人不但没有 被算进去，也不会受到保护。 他们属于社会中最贫穷的成员， 来自最被边缘化的小区。 他们是人口贩运的受害者。 人口贩子知道，如果一个人 本来就没有存在的记录， 要找到这个人就几乎是不可能的事。 他们是剥削的受害者， 比如童婚及童工。 没有出生证明，你要如何证明 一个孩子仍然是一个孩子？ 他们是无国籍的人； 出生证明可以证明 你的父母是谁、在哪里出生， 这两项信息是取得 国籍的主要因子。

03:27

Of the one billion people in the world without a legal identity, the vast majority are children who were never registered at birth. In the least developed nations, the births of over 60 percent of children have never been recorded. A study across 17 countries in sub-Saharan Africa found that 80 percent of children did not have a birth certificate. Out of the countries that have not yet achieved universal birth registration coverage, in 26 countries, a birth certificate is required to access health care, including vaccines. In 37 countries, it's required to access social assistance intended to bring people out of poverty. And in 59 countries, a birth certificate is required for a child to be enrolled or complete school. A birth certificate is also often required for other forms of legal identity, like a national ID or a passport. And some form of legal identity in almost every country is required to vote, get a SIM card or open a bank account. In fact, of the 1.7 billion people in the world who are unbanked, 20 percent is due to not having a legal identity document.

全世界没有合法身分的十亿人中， 绝大部分都是孩童， 他们在出生时就没有登记。 在开发程度最低的国家中， 超过六成的孩童 在出生时都没有做记录。 一项针对撒哈拉以南非洲 十七个国家所做的研究 发现有八成的孩童没有出生证明。 在还没有达成全民 都有出生登记的国家当中， 有二十六个国家要求要有 出生证明才能取得健康照护， 包括施打疫苗也要。 有三十七个国家要求 要有出生证明才能取得 帮助人民脱离贫困的社会协助。 有五十九个国家要求孩子要有 出生证明才能上学或完成学业。 通常，办理其他形式的合法身分 也会需要出生证明， 比如国民身分证或护照。 几乎每个国家都要求要有 某种形式的合法身分 才能投票、取得 SIM 卡， 或在银行开户。 事实上，全世界 有十七亿人没有银行账户， 其中两成的原因是因为 没有合法身分文件。

04:35

Now, you don't have to be an expert to see that this, times a billion, is a big problem. So it's not surprising that evidence shows that improved birth registration coverage goes hand in hand with improved development outcomes, from poverty alleviation to better health, nutrition, education, economic improvement and safe and orderly migration.

不用是专家也看得出来， 这个问题乘以十亿倍有多严重。 所以，并不意外，有证据显示， 改善出生登记的普及率 与改善发展结果是息息相关的， 从扶贫， 到更加的健康、营养、教育、 经济改善， 以及安全、有秩序的移民。

04:58

In 2015, world leaders came together and promised that they would uphold human rights of all people and leave no one behind in efforts to end poverty, hunger and reduce inequalities. But how are they going to uphold human rights and how do they know if anyone is being left behind if they do not know who they are or where they are in the first place?

2015 年， 世界领袖齐聚一堂， 保证他们会支持所有人的人权， 不抛弃任何人， 致力于终结贫困、 饥荒， 以及减少不平等。 但，他们要如何支持人权， 他们要如何知道有谁被抛弃， 如果他们打从一开始就根本 不知道这些人是谁、在哪里？

05:25

So what can countries do about this? Now, there's no one-size-fits-all model, because every country context is unique. There are five proven interventions that can be applied to any system. Number one, reduce the distance. Two, remove the cost. Three, simplify the process. Four, remove discrimination. Five, increase demand.

因此，国家能怎么做？ 没有一个世界通用的模型， 因为每个国家的情况 都是独一无二的。 有五项已经证明过的干预方式 可以应用在任何制度上。 第一，减少距离。 第二，移除成本。 第三，简化流程。 第四，移除歧视。 第五，增加需求。

05:47

Gender discrimination remains a hidden problem, because statistically, there's no difference between registration rates of boys and girls. But the discrimination isn't against the child -- it's against the mother. Angola was one of 35 countries that required a father's name or to be present in order for the child's birth to be registered. So in situations where the father is unknown, unwilling or unable to claim paternity, the mothers are legally prevented from registering the births of their own children. So to address this, Angola put a policy in place allowing mothers to register their children as a single parent.

性别歧视仍然是个台面下的问题， 因为，男孩和女孩的登记比率 在统计上并没有差异。 但，歧视并不是针对孩童—— 是针对母亲。 有三十五个国家 在登记孩子出生时会要求 要填写父亲的名字或要父亲在场， 安哥拉是其中之一。 所以，在一些情况下，生父未知， 或是生父不愿意 或者不能承认自己是父亲， 根据法律，母亲就无法 为他们自己的孩子登记出生。 为了处理这个问题， 安哥拉推出一项政策， 允许母亲以单亲家长的 身分为孩子做登记。

06:24

In Tanzania, in 2012, only 13 percent of children had a birth certificate. So the government came up with a new system. They put registration centers in existing infrastructure, such as community wards and in health facilities. So they brought the services closer to the people who needed them. They removed the fee. They simplified the process and automated it, so the birth certificate could be issued on the spot. To increase demand, they rolled out a public awareness campaign, letting people know that there's a new process and why it was important to register the births of their children. In just a few years in the districts where the new system was put in place, 83 percent of children now have birth certificates, and they're in the process of rolling this out nationwide.

在坦桑尼亚，2012 年 只有 13% 的孩童有出生证明。 于是政府提出了一种新制度。 他们把登记中心开设在 既有的基础机构中， 比如小区病房 和健康相关场所。 他们把服务带到距离 有需求的人民更近的地方。 他们取消了收费。 他们把流程简化及自动化， 让人民可以现场领取出生证明。 为了增加需求， 他们推出了公众意识活动， 让人民知道有新的流程 以及为什么为孩子 做出生登记如此重要。 短短几年间，在实施 新制度的地区中， 83% 的孩童都有了出生证明， 现在他们正在 把这项制度推向全国。

07:13

So what can you do? See, I believe we are all united by our humanity. We live on the same earth. We breathe the same air. And while none of us chose to be born or the situation we were born into, we do get to choose how we live. Change occurs when a moment of awareness or a moment of compassion inspires a person to act. And through our collective action, we become the most powerful agents of change. And when the cost of inaction is innocent children are left unprotected, unvaccinated, unable to go to school, growing up to be adults who are unable to find decent work or vote, trapped in a cycle of poverty, exclusion and invisibility, it comes down to us to take this issue out of the darkness and into the light. Because it's not every day you get the opportunity to change the world, but today, you do.

所以，各位能做什么？ 我相信我们的人性 让大家团结成为一体。 我们都住在地球上。 我们呼吸着相同的空气。 虽然我们都无法选择自己 生在何处、什么样的情况中， 但我们能选择怎样生活。 改变发生在觉醒的时刻 或同情的时刻， 那会鼓舞人采取行动。 透过我们集体的行动， 我们就会变成最强大的改变媒介。 如果不采取行动的代价是 无辜儿童被抛弃、不受保护、 无法接种疫苗、无法去上学、 长大成人之后无法 找到好的工作或投票、 被困在贫穷的循环当中、 被排除且不被看见， 那就要靠我们 来把这个议题从黑暗中翻出来， 摊到阳光底下。 因为，你并非每天 都有机会改变世界， 但今天你有机会。

08:09

Thanks.

谢谢。

08:11

(Applause)

（掌声）