演讲MP3+双语文稿:蜜蜂如何维持象与人之间的和平
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:蜜蜂如何维持象与人之间的和平，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Lucy King
动物学家露西·金博士负责肯尼亚研究慈善机构“拯救大象”的人类-大象共存计划。
【演讲主题】How bees can keep the peace between elephants and humans 蜜蜂如何维持象与人之间的和平
【中英文字幕】
翻译者Jiasi Hao 校对者Coco Shen
00:12
Ever since I can remember, African elephants have filled me with a sense of complete awe. They are the largest land mammal alive today on planet Earth, weighing up to seven tons, standing three and a half meters tall at the shoulder. They can eat up to 400 kilos of food in a day, and they disperse vital plant seeds across thousands of kilometers during their 50-to-60-year life span.
自从我能记事以来， 非洲大象始终是一个 令我充满敬畏之情的存在。 在这颗星球上，它们是 陆地上现存最大的哺乳动物， 体重能达 7 吨， 肩高有 3.5 米。 它们一天可以吃足 400 千克的食物， 而且在它们 50 - 60 年的生命中， 它们要将非常重要的植物种子 散播到千里外的地方。
00:39
Central to their compassionate and complex society are the matriarchs. These female, strong leaders nurture the young and navigate their way through the challenges of the African bush to find food, water and security. Their societies are so complex, we're yet to still fully tease apart how they communicate, how they verbalize to each other, how their dialects work. And we don't really understand yet how they navigate the landscape, remembering the safest places to cross a river.
大象慈悲且复杂的社会核心 是其女族长们。 这些强壮的女性领导 培养年幼的象崽 并且在挑战重重的非洲树林中 指导象群去向， 来找寻食物、水，和安全。 它们的社会是如此复杂， 以至于我们还未能够完全了解 它们是如何沟通的， 它们是如何用语言表达自己的， 它们的语言语调是如何起作用的。 而且我们也还尚未能真正了解 它们是如何导航自己横跨土地的， 它们是如何记住渡河最安全的位置。
01:09
I'm pretty sure that like me, most of you in this room have a similar positive emotional response to these most magnificent of all animals. It's really hard not to have watched a documentary, learned about their intelligence or, if you've been lucky, to see them for yourselves on safari in the wild. But I wonder how many of you have been truly, utterly terrified by them.
我很确定，在座的各位 面对这最不可思议的动物 有着相似的正面反应。 几乎大家都看过相关的纪录片， 了解它们的智力， 或者你足够幸运， 在野外探险旅行的时候 能够亲眼看到它们。 但我想，你们中间有多少人 有真正地、完全地被它们吓到过。
01:34
I was lucky to be brought up in Southern Africa by two teacher parents who had long holidays but very short budgets. And so we used to take our old Ford Cortina Estate, and with my sister, we'd pile in the back, take our tents and go camping in the different game reserves in Southern Africa. It really was heaven for a young, budding zoologist like myself.
我很幸运，在南非 被两个从事教师的父母带大。 他们有很长的假期， 但很有限的预算。 所以我们经常 开着我们老旧的福特汽车， 和我的姐姐， 我们会一起塞满后备箱， 带上帐篷，去南非不同的 野生动物保护区野营。 对一个年轻并萌芽的动物学家来说， 比如我，这项活动好比天堂。
01:55
But I remember even at that young age that I found the tall electric fences blocking off the game parks quite divisive. Sure, they were keeping elephants out of the communities, but they also kept communities out of their wild spaces. It really was quite a challenge to me at that young age. It was only when I moved to Kenya at the age of 14, when I got to connect to the vast, wild open spaces of East Africa. And it is here now that I feel truly, instinctively, really at home.
但我记得 即便我当时如此年轻， 我已觉得将动物保护区隔离起来的 高高的电围栏 比较违和分裂。 当然，电围栏是为了不让大象进入社区， 但它们也把社区隔离在了 野生世界之外。 这对我来说确实是个挑战， 尤其在那个年龄。 直到我 14 岁那年搬去肯尼亚， 我接触到了东非 广阔的野生开放区域。 现在，正是这个地方， 让我有一种 切切实实在家的感觉。
02:27
I spent many, many happy years studying elephant behavior in a tent, in Samburu National Reserve, under the guideship of professor Fritz Vollrath and Iain Douglas-Hamilton, studying for my PhD and understanding the complexities of elephant societies. But now, in my role as head of the human-elephant coexistence program for Save the Elephants, we're seeing so much change happening so fast that it's urged a change in some of our research programs. No longer can we just sit and understand elephant societies or study just how to stop the ivory trade, which is horrific and still ongoing. We're having to change our resources more and more to look at this rising problem of human-elephant conflict, as people and pachyderms compete for space and resources.
我花了很多很多个开心的年头， 在桑布鲁国家保护区的 一个帐篷里 研究大象的行为。 在弗里茨·弗拉拉斯教授和 伊恩·道格拉斯·汉密尔顿的指导下， 攻读博士学位 并了解大象社会的复杂性。 但现在，我作为 拯救大象（Save the Elephants）中 人象共存项目的负责人， 我们正在见证 许多正快速发生的变化， 以至于我们有些研究项目 也被敦促着改变。 我们不再能 仅是坐在那里去理解大象社会， 或仅是研究如何阻止 令人震惊并依旧在进行的 象牙交易。 我们现在需要 更多地改变我们的资源 去看待这个日益严峻的问题： 人象矛盾， 在人类和厚皮动物 争夺空间和资源之际。
03:17
It was only as recently as the 1970s that we used to have 1.2 million elephants roaming across Africa. Today, we're edging closer to only having 400,000 left. And at the same time period, the human population has quadrupled, and the land is being fragmented at such a pace that it's really hard to keep up with. Too often, these migrating elephants end up stuck inside communities, looking for food and water but ending up breaking open water tanks, breaking pipes and, of course, breaking into food stores for food. It's really a huge challenge. Can you imagine the terror of an elephant literally ripping the roof off your mud hut in the middle of the night and having to hold your children away as the trunk reaches in, looking for food in the pitch dark?
只是在 1970 年代， 我们曾经有 120 万大象 在整个非洲漫步。 如今，现存大象数量 正直逼仅 40 万。 在同样的时间段中， 人口增长了 3 倍， 土地分裂的速度是如此之快， 真的很难跟上。 很经常，那些迁徙的大象 会被困在社区中， 找寻食物和水， 但却破坏了公共水箱、 水管， 当然，还有为觅食 而闯进食品店。 这真的是一个很大的挑战。 你可以想想那种恐惧—— 一头大象在半夜 掀掉你的土屋屋顶， 或是它们在漆黑夜里寻找食物时 把鼻子伸进了屋里，而不巧 你的孩子们“拐走”的恐惧吗？
04:06
These elephants also trample and eat crops, and this is traditionally eroding away that tolerance that people used to have for elephants. And sadly, we're losing these animals by the day and, in some countries, by the hour -- to not only ivory poaching but this rapid rise in human-elephant conflict as they compete for space and resources.
这些大象同时践踏和吃庄稼， 这也就是为什么 人类曾经对大象的容忍 正在逐渐被消磨的 传统原因。 令人悲伤的是， 我们每天都在失去这些动物， 在有的国家，是每小时—— 不仅因为象牙偷猎， 也是因为 由空间和资源争夺而起的 日益激增的人象矛盾。
04:28
It's a massive challenge. I mean, how do you keep seven-ton pachyderms, that often come in groups of 10 or 12, out of these very small rural farms when you're dealing with people who are living on the very edge of poverty? They don't have big budgets. How do you resolve this issue?
这是一个巨大挑战。 我说，你怎么把 7 吨重 并且通常 10 - 12 只成群的 厚皮动物 隔离在规模很小的 乡村农场之外？ 尤其当你在和 生活在贫困边缘的人 打交道的时候？ 他们没有什么预算。 你怎么解决这个问题？
04:47
Well, one issue is, you can just start to build electric fences, and this is happening across Africa, we're seeing this more and more. But they are dividing up areas and blocking corridors. And I'm telling you, these elephants don't think much of it either, particularly if they're blocking a really special water hole where they need water, or if there's a very attractive female on the other side. It doesn't take long to knock down one of these poles. And as soon as there's a gap in the fence, they go back, talk to their mates and suddenly they're all through, and now you have 12 elephants on the community side of the fence. And now you're really in trouble. People keep trying to come up with new designs for electric fences. Well, these elephants don't think much of those either.
一个问题是， 你可以只是开始建造电围栏， 整个非洲现在都在这么做， 我们看到越来越多的社区 采用这样的“解决方式”。 但是他们正在 划分区域、堵塞通道。 我现在告诉你， 这些大象不会思考这么多， 尤其是，如果社区 堵住一条极为特殊的—— 大象需要在那里涉水—— 的水坑， 或是在过道另一边， 有一头很有吸引力的母象。 破坏那些围栏杆子 并不费劲。 只要围栏有个空档缺口， 大象们就会走回去， 告诉它们的同伴， 突然之间，所有的大象 都穿过了围栏， 于是现在，被围栏包围的 社区内有 12 头大象。 你现在是真的遇到麻烦了。 关于电围栏的设计 不断推陈出新， 然而这些大象， 并不会思考那么多。
05:29
(Laughter)
（笑声）
05:34
So rather than having these hard-line, straight, electric, really divisive migratory-blocking fences, there must be other ways to look at this challenge. I'm much more interested in holistic and natural methods to keep elephants and people apart where necessary. Simply talking to people, talking to rural pastoralists in northern Kenya who have so much knowledge about the bush, we discovered this story that they had that elephants would not feed on trees that had wild beehives in them. Now this was an interesting story. As the elephants were foraging on the tree, they would break branches and perhaps break open a wild beehive. And those bees would fly out of their natural nests and sting the elephants.
所以除了使用这些 强硬的、直接的、带电流的， 十分具有分裂性的 防迁移围栏之外， 一定还有其他的方法 来克服这个挑战。 为了在必要时候 能把人和大象分开， 我对整体和自然的解决方案 更感兴趣。 只是与人们交谈， 和肯尼亚北部的 有着丰富灌木知识的 乡村牧民交谈， 我们发现牧民口中的大象 不会以 有着野生蜂巢的树木为食。 这是一个很有意思的故事。 当大象在树上觅食时， 它们会折断树枝 也可能会破开野蜂窝。 于是这些蜜蜂 会飞出它们的自然巢穴 并且蜇大象。
06:17
Now if the elephants got stung, perhaps they would remember that this tree was dangerous and they wouldn't come back to that same site. It seems impossible that they could be stung through their thick skin -- elephant skin is around two centimeters thick. But it seems that they sting them around the watery areas, around the eyes, behind the ears, in the mouth, up the trunk. You can imagine they would remember that very quickly. And it's not really one sting that they're scared of. African bees have a phenomenal ability: when they sting in one site, they release a pheromone that triggers the rest of the bees to come and sting the same site. So it's not one beesting that they're scared of -- it's perhaps thousands of beestings, coming to sting in the same area -- that they're afraid of. And of course, a good matriarch would always keep her young away from such a threat. Young calves have much thinner skins, and it's potential that they could be stung through their thinner skins.
如果大象被蜜蜂叮了， 它们可能会记住 这棵树是危险的 并且再也不会回到这个地方。 刺穿大象厚厚的皮肤 看似不可能—— 大象皮肤大约有 2 厘米厚。 但是蜜蜂蜇大象， 似乎都是在水域附近、 眼部周围、耳朵后方、 嘴巴里面，象鼻上方。 你能想象大象会很快记住 这个“被叮”的体验。 而且让它们害怕的 不仅是一次叮咬。 非洲蜜蜂有一个惊人的能力： 当它们叮咬某一处时， 会释放一种 能够吸引其他蜜蜂 来同处叮咬的信息素。 所以大象害怕的 不是被一只蜜蜂蜇—— 可能是上千的蜜蜂 前来叮咬同一个地方—— 这是它们所害怕的。 当然，一个优秀的女族长 一直都会保护小象， 让它们免受如此的威胁。 幼崽们的皮肤薄得多， 它们被叮的话， 很有可能会刺穿它们 较薄的皮肤。
07:10
So for my PhD, I had this unusual challenge of trying to work out how African elephants and African bees would interact, when the theory was that they wouldn't interact at all. How was I going to study this? Well, what I did was I took the sound of disturbed African honey bees, and I played it back to elephants resting under trees through a wireless speaker system, so I could understand how they would react as if there were wild bees in the area. And it turns out that they react quite dramatically to the sound of African wild bees. Here we are, playing the bee sounds back to this amazing group of elephants. You can see the ears going up, going out, they're turning their heads from side to side, one elephant is flicking her trunk to try and smell. There's another elephant that kicks one of calves on the ground to tell it to get up as if there is a threat. And one elephant triggers a retreat, and soon the whole family of elephants are running after her across the savannah in a cloud of dust.
所以，我的博士学位 有着不同寻常的挑战—— 在非洲大象和非洲蜜蜂 毫无互动的理论背景下， 尝试找到它们的相互作用机制。 我要怎么进行这项研究？ 我做的一件事，是拿着 被扰乱的非洲蜜蜂的音带， 跑到在树下休息的大象耳边 利用无线扬声器系统 播放此音带， 来了解假设这块区域有野生蜜蜂， 大象会如何反应。 结果是，这些大象对 非洲蜜蜂的声音 反应很大。 我们看看，重复在这群大象耳边 播放蜜蜂的音带。 你可以看到它们的耳朵竖了起来， 它们在左右摇晃脑袋， 一头大象在甩动鼻子 尝试着闻气味。 还有一头大象 踢了一下地上的一头幼崽， 告诉它快站起来， 宛如威胁正在逼近。 之后一头大象发出撤退指令， 很快整个大象家族 都跟着它撤退， 在尘埃中穿越稀树大草原。
08:13
(Sound of bees buzzing)
（蜜蜂嗡嗡叫声）
08:20
(Sound of bees ends)
（蜜蜂嗡嗡叫声）
08:21
Now I've done this experiment many, many times, and the elephants almost always flee. Not only do they run away, but they dust themselves as they're running, as if to knock bees out of the air. And we placed infrasonic microphones around the elephants as we did these experiments. And it turns out they're communicating to each other in infrasonic rumbles to warn each other of the threat of bees and to stay away from the area.
我已经做过这个实验好几次了， 大象几乎每次都会逃跑。 它们不仅会逃跑， 而且会在逃跑的时候 用尘土弄脏自己， 好像想要把蜜蜂 从自己的身上拍掉。 在进行这些实验时， 我们把次声传声器 放置在大象周围。 后来发现它们在次声波段 隆隆低语地交流 来警告彼此蜜蜂的威胁 并且远离蜜蜂所在区域。
08:49
So these behavioral discoveries really helped us understand how elephants would react should they hear or see bee sounds. This led me to invent a novel design for a beehive fence, which we are now building around small, one-to-two-acre farms on the most vulnerable frontline areas of Africa where humans and elephants are competing for space. These beehive fences are very, very simple. We use 12 beehives and 12 dummy hives to protect one acre of farmland. Now a dummy hive is simply a piece of plywood which we cut into squares, paint yellow and hang in between the hives. We're basically tricking the elephants into thinking there are more beehives than there really are. And of course, it literally halves the cost of the fence. So there's a hive and a dummy hive and a beehive and now dummy hive, every 10 meters around the outside boundary. They're held up by posts with a shade roof to protect the bees, and they're interconnected with a simple piece of plain wire, which goes all the way around, connecting the hives.所以这些行为的发现 确实帮助我们了解了 大象在被蜜蜂声音包围的时候 会做出怎样的反应。 这启发我发明了一种新颖的 围栏设计——蜂巢围栏。 我们现在正在非洲最脆弱的、 人象空间争夺严重的 前线地区， 围绕着 1 - 2 英亩的小农场 建造这样的围栏。 这些蜂巢围栏非常非常简单。 我们用 12 个蜂巢 和 12 个假蜂巢 来保护 1 英亩的农田。 一个假蜂巢只是一块 被切成正方形、涂成黄色， 并且悬挂在蜂巢间的胶合板。 我们基本上是在捉弄大象， 希望它们认为这里 有比实际数量更多的蜂巢。 当然，这能削减围栏一半的成本。 所以是一个真一个假， 再一个真，再一个假蜂巢， 每隔 10 米，放在围栏之外。 这些蜂巢被 带有遮阳棚顶的柱子所支撑， 以保护蜜蜂， 用一根钢丝把它们连接起来， 串联整圈的蜂巢。
09:46
So if an elephant tries to enter the farm, he will avoid the beehive at all cost, but he might try and push through between the hive and the dummy hive, causing all the beehives to swing as the wire hits his chest. And as we know from our research work, this will cause the elephants to flee and run away -- and hopefully remember not to come back to that risky area. The bees swarm out of the hive, and they really scare the elephants away.
如果一头大象尝试着进入农场， 它将会不遗余力地避开蜂巢， 但是它可能会尝试 从真假蜂巢的间隙处通过， 当它的胸部触碰到钢丝时， 所有蜂巢会同时晃动。 而且根据我们的研究， 我们知道 大象会因此逃跑—— 希望它们会记得 不要再回到这块危险的区域。 蜜蜂从蜂巢中涌出， 它们真的能把大象们吓走。
10:10
These beehive fences we're studying using things like camera traps to help us understand how elephants are responding to them at night time, which is when most of the crop raiding occurs. And we found in our study farms that we're keeping up to 80 percent of elephants outside of the boundaries of these farms. And the bees and the beehive fences are also pollinating the fields. So we're having a great reduction both in elephant crop raids and a boost in yield through the pollination services that the bees are giving to the crops themselves.
我们使用相机陷阱等技术 在研究这些蜂巢围栏， 来帮助我们理解 大象在夜间碰到围栏 会有何反应。 夜间是大多数农作物 被侵袭的时候。 而且在我们进行研究的农场中， 我们发现 我们正把高达 80% 的大象 隔离在这些农场边界外。 这些蜜蜂和蜂巢围栏 也同时在给土地传授花粉。 所以我们的设计同时 减少了大象对农作物的侵袭， 并且通过蜜蜂给农作物授粉， 刺激了农场产量。
10:42
The strength of the beehive fences is really important -- the colonies have to be very strong. So we're trying to help farmers grow pollinator-friendly crops to boost their hives, boost the strength of their bees and, of course, produce the most amazing honey. This honey is so valuable as an extra livelihood income for the farmers. It's a healthy alternative to sugar, and in our community, it's a very valuable present to give a mother-in-law, which makes it almost priceless.
蜂巢围栏的强度很重要—— 蜂群需要非常强健。 所以我们正在尝试 帮助农民种植授粉友好的作物， 来加强加固它们的蜂巢， 增强蜜蜂的力量， 当然，还有生产最佳的蜂蜜。 作为农民额外的生计收入， 这个蜂蜜是如此宝贵。 这是糖的健康替代品， 而且在我们社区， 蜂蜜是一个给岳母/婆婆 非常珍贵的礼物， 这几乎是无价之宝。
11:09
(Laughter)
（笑声）
11:11
We now bottle up this honey, and we've called this wild beautiful honey Elephant-Friendly Honey. It is a fun name, but it also attracts attention to our project and helps people understand what we're trying to do to save elephants. We're working now with so many women in over 60 human-elephant conflict sites in 19 countries in Africa and Asia to build these beehive fences, working very, very closely with so many farmers but particularly now with women farmers, helping them to live better in harmony with elephants.
我们现在将这蜂蜜 密封到瓶中， 我们把这野生美丽的蜂蜜 称之为大象友好蜂蜜。 这是一个风趣的名字， 但也吸引了 不少人对我们项目的关注 并且帮助人们了解 我们正在尝试做的事情—— 拯救大象。 我们现在和许多女性合作， 在非洲和亚洲的 19 个国家， 60 余存在人象矛盾的地点 建造这些蜂巢围栏， 非常紧密地和许多农民协作， 主要是女性农民， 在帮助她们建立一个 与大象和平共处的生活。
11:41
One of the things we're trying to do is develop a toolbox of options to live in better harmony with these massive pachyderms. One of those issues is to try and get farmers, and women in particular, to think different about what they're planting inside their farms as well. So we're looking at planting crops that elephants don't particularly want to eat, like chillies, ginger, Moringa, sunflowers. And of course, the bees and the beehive fences love these crops too, because they have beautiful flowers. One of these plants is a spiky plant called sisal -- you may know this here as jute. And this amazing plant can be stripped down and turned into a weaving product.
我们在做的一件事 就是开发一个选项工具箱 使人们能更好地 和这些巨型厚皮动物和谐相处。 其中的一个问题 就是让农民加入我们的行列， 尤其是女性， 从不同角度思考 他们正在自己的农场中 种着什么作物。 所以我们寻找一种 大象通常不会想要吃的作物， 例如辣椒、姜、辣木， 和向日葵。 当然，蜜蜂和蜂巢围栏 也非常喜爱这些作物， 因为这些作物会长出美丽的花。 其中的一种带刺的植物， 名为剑麻—— 你可能知道 它的“黄麻布料”身份。 这种奇妙的植物可以砍下来 制成织物。
12:16
We're working with these amazing women now who live daily with the challenges of elephants to use this plant to weave into baskets to provide an alternative income for them. We've just started construction only three weeks ago on a women's enterprise center where we're going to be working with these women not only as expert beekeepers but as amazing basket weavers; they're going to be processing chili oils, sunflower oils, making lip balms and honey, and we're somewhere on our way to helping these participating farmers live with better eco-generating projects that live and work better with living with elephants.
我们正在 在和这些优秀的女性合作。 她们每天的生活 都受到了大象的挑战， 现在她们用这种植物 编织成篮筐 作为她们的一种替代收入。 我们在 3 周前 在女性企业中心 刚刚开始动工。 在那里， 我们将要和这些女性协作， 不仅作为专业养蜂人， 还作为技艺精湛的篮筐编织者； 她们将会生产 辣椒油、葵花籽油， 制造润唇膏和蜂蜜， 而我们也在帮助这些 参与项目的农民 打造生态驱动项目， 以至于他们和大象共存的同时， 能过上更好的生活， 做更好的工作。
12:52
So whether it's matriarchs or mothers or researchers like myself, I do see more women coming to the forefront now to think differently and more boldly about the challenges that we face. With more innovation, and perhaps with some more empathy towards each other, I do believe we can move from a state of conflict with elephants to true coexistence.
所以不论是女族长， 母亲，或是像我这样的研究人员， 我确实看到更多的女性到前线来 为我们面对的挑战 提供更加不同且大胆的想法。 随着更多的创新， 可能还有 对彼此更多的一些共鸣， 我确实相信我们可以 从一个人象矛盾之国 转变为 可以真正人象共存的国家。
13:15
Thank you.
谢谢。
13:16
(Applause)
（掌声）
