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设计和生产之 生产计划 Production Planning

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2020年08月28日

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设计和生产之 生产计划 Production Planning

生产的计划是将调度、估算和预测产品需求(forecasting the future demands)等融为一体的过程,受客户订单、生产能力和仓储能力等条件的限制。主要的生产计划方式有三种:分工(job)、批量处理(batch)和流水线(flow)。每一种都有优点和缺点(advantages and disadvantages)。

分工法(job method)

这种生产计划是针对某些客户定制规格较高(customer specifications)的产品,规模小但要求工人技能水准高(required skill-set),有时候需要一些特定的设备(specialized equipment)。这种方法的特点是任务划分到人,各负其责。在生产环节可以根据设计的要求对任何一个部分随时进行调整。

⊙Before progressing to the next stage in production, we need some feedback from the clients.

在进入生产的下一个环节之前,我们需要客户的反馈信息。

⊙Is this along the lines of what you had in mind?

这和你设想的有出入吗?

⊙I can make some changes to the design, if you would rather have it another way.

如果你有别的思路,我可以在设计上做改动。

⊙How much room do we have for specialization on the design?在设计的规格上我们有多少空间?

⊙Each product should be unique.每个产品都应该是独一无二的。

⊙We must have these items produced strictly to our specifications.我们的产品必须严格按规格生产。

⊙There's no room for error.没有犯错误的余地。

⊙Can we get these made in green?我们能够让它们更加环保吗?

批量处理法(batch method)

随着业务量的增长,生产量(production volumes)也不断增长,要求将整体任务划分成不同的工作部分(division of work)。只有在前一部分的工作完全结束后,第二部分才可以进行,通常电子类产品按照这个方法制造。每个环节要求对该领域有专长的人手(specialization of labor)。

⊙I'm in charge of the layout.Bill handles the next part of production.我负责排版。Bill负责生产的下一部分。

⊙I can't complete my work on this project until you finish the first part of production.

在你完成第一部分的生产之前,我没法完成我在这个项目上的工作。

流水线法(flow method)

与批量法类似,区别在于间歇性。批量法是一部分工作完成后整体转入下一部分,而流水法是各个部分同时进行,无间隙(time lags and interruptions)生产。该生产法的目的在于提高流程速度,降低劳动力成本(labor costs)。组装生产线(assembly lines)通常用到这种方法。产品的各个部分同时在生产并一次性组装成型。

⊙Assembly line work saves time and money.组装生产线既省时又省钱。

⊙We can improve our rate of production by training workers to work better in the assembly lines.

我们培训工人在生产线上更高效地工作,以此来提高生产率。

⊙Our assembly line technicians are top notch.

我们生产线上的技工水准一流。

大规模投产(mass production)

大规模投产是一种特殊的(specialized type)流水线法,针对大量的标准化产品(standardized products),例如食品、家用电器、汽车等等,通常由传动带(conveyor belts)将部件运送给技工来进行重复性的工作(repetitive tasks)。大规模投产的好处是以较少的劳动力来实现高效率的生产(rate of production),缺点在于需要大量资金来购买自动化设备。

⊙While mass production can help maximize profits, you'd better be sure about your marketability before you start production.

尽管大规模投产可以帮助实现利益的最大化,你还是最好在开始生产前确保你的市场销售能力。

⊙It's hard to get started in mass production because you need a lot of machinery.

开始大规模投产很难,因为你需要大量设备。

⊙Production and profits are through the roof, all thanks to our assembly lines.

生产量和利润都很出色,这都归功于我们的组装线。

⊙We need assurance that there's a significant market potential out there before we start production.

我们在开始生产之前得先确保存在一个巨大的市场。

总结

生产计划就是按照不同排列组合,实现效率的最大化。无论是以人员为参考的“分工法”,还是围绕生产环节考虑的“批量法”,以及注重生产整体性配合的“流水线法”,还有实现高效率和低成本双丰收的“大规模投产法”,都要根据客户的要求、任务的侧重点和现有条件来综合考虑。

Words 单词表

assurance保证,担保,保险

consider考虑,认为

costly昂贵的,价值高的

customization客户化,定制

feedback反馈,反应

marketability市场能力,市场销售能力

overhead费用

responsive响应的,敏感的

sample样品,样板,实例

specialization专业化,特殊化

technician技术员,技师

trinket小玩意,小件饰物

unique独特的,唯一的

strictly严格的,严谨的

Phrases 短语表

along the lines of根据,依照

be through the roof穿过屋顶,形容销量大增,飞涨

assembly line装配线,安装线

change(sb's)mind改变想法

Don't get me wrong.不要误解我的意思。

end up with……以……告终

get yourself into让自己成为,让自己得到

have in mind想到,考虑到

have room for有空间,有余地

have your heart set on一心一意做

market potential潜在市场

mass produced大量生产,大规模生产

off the production line下生产线

rash decision草率决定,仓促的决定

the way to go要走的路,要用的方式

maximize profits利益最大化

production cycle生产循环,生产周期

speaking of谈到,说起

top notch顶尖的

You've got a good point there.所言极是。

实景对话1

A:Now that we've invested all this time and energy into product development, we have to start thinking about production. What is the best way to bring our product to the market?I have been thinking that mass production might be the best way to go.

B:You might want to consider carefully before making any rash decisions.

You know, while mass production can help maximize profits, you'd better be sure about your marketability before you start production. Otherwise you'll end up with thousands of unsellable plastic trinkets.A wrong decision on production planning can be very costly.

A:You've got a good point there. We need assurance that there's a significant market potential out there before we start production.

B:That's not the only consideration you'll have to make. You'd also better think about whether you might want customization, or if you want to make changes in the course of the production cycle. It's true that assembly line work saves time and money, but it does have its limitations.

A:We must have these items produced strictly to our specifications, so maybe it might be better to think about production methods……

B:Don't get me wrong, I'm not trying to change your mind about mass production if it's what you have your heart set on. I just think you'd better plan carefully.It's hard to get started in mass production because you need a lot of machinery and overhead.It's quite an investment and I think you ought to be aware of what you might be getting yourself into.

A:既然我们已经在产品研发上投入了很多时间和精力,我们必须开始考虑生产。把产品推向市场的最好途径是什么?我一直在想也许大规模生产是最好的办法。

B:在做仓促的决定之前你也许应该三思。你知道,即便大规模投产能够帮助实现巨额利润,你最好在开始生产之前先确保存在一个巨大的市场。否则你就得面对成千上万的卖不出去的塑料饰品。一个错误的生产决定代价是非常昂贵的。

A:你所言极是。我们在生产之前得先确保巨大的市场潜力。

B:那还不是你唯一要考虑的问题。你也得考虑是否应该定制,或者应该在生产周期内做一些变动。装配线生产省时又省钱是事实,但是它也有它的不足之处。

A:我们的产品必须严格按规格生产,也许应该考虑生产方式……

B:你别误解我的意思,如果你真是一心一意想这么做。我只是在想你最好慎重规划。我不是想改变你的大规模生产的想法,大规模投入生产很难,因为你需要大量的设备和费用。那是不小的投资,因此我想你应该了解你将面临的后果。

实景对话2

A:Here's a sample off our production line. Is this along the lines of what you had in mind?I can make some changes to the design if you would rather have it another way.

B:How much room do we have for specialization in the design?Each product should be unique. We aren't looking for mass produced items here.

A:Not to worry, our assembly line technicians are top notch. We improve our quality of production by carefully training workers to perform better in the assembly lines.

B:Assembly lines?How can you use assembly lines and still get a unique product?

A:Like I said, not to worry. Our production methods are unique, it allows us to be responsive to the needs and specifications of our customers. We use a batch method of production, so each technician on the line is responsible for a specific area of expertise.At any point in our production, we can make changes and incorporate the feedback from our clients.

B:I see……

A:Here, let me show you. Jane here is responsible for the layout.Bill handles the next part of production. He can't complete his work on this project until Jane finishes the first part of production.Before progressing to the next stage in production, we need some feedback from the client.

B:Speaking of feedback, Can we get these made in green?

A:这是我们生产线上的一个样品。和你设想的一致吗?如果你觉得还有些别的思路,我可以再调整设计。

B:在设计的规格上我们有多大空间?每一个产品都是独特的。我们在这块儿要的不是大规模生产。

A:别担心,我们组装线上的技工都是一流水准的。通过认真培训,工人在组装线上更好地工作,我们提高了生产质量。

B:组装线?你怎么能够使用组装线还依然得到特色产品呢?

A:正如我所说的,别担心。我们的生产方法是独一无二的,这允许我们根据客户的规格和要求做出调整。我们使用批量的生产办法,线上每一个技工都负责一个他们擅长的领域。无论在生产的哪一个点上,我们都可以进行调整来配合客户的反馈。

B:我明白了……

A:在这儿我给你介绍一下。Jane在这里负责排版,Bill负责生产的下一环节。在Jane没有完成生产的第一步工作之前,Bill没有办法完成他的工作。在进入生产的下一个阶段之前,我们需要先得到客户的反馈。

B:说到反馈,我们的产品能否更加体现环保?


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