美国人的低质量饮食报告

研究警告，美国人吃太多低质量的碳水化合物和饱和脂肪

Americans’ diets are a little less sweet and a little crunchier but there’s still too much sugar, white bread and artery-clogging fat, a study suggests.

一项研究表明，美国人的饮食不那么甜，也不那么脆，但仍然有太多的糖、白面包和阻塞动脉的脂肪。

Overall, the authors estimated there was a modest improvement over 16 years on the government’s healthy eating index, from estimated scores of 56 to 58. That’s hardly cause for celebration — 100 is the top score.

总的来说，作者估计在过去的16年里，政府的健康饮食指数从估计的56分到58分，有了适度的改善。这不是庆祝的理由-因为最高分是100分。

Diets are still too heavy on foods that can contribute to heart disease, diabetes, obesity and other prevalent US health problems, said co-author Fang Fang Zhang, a nutrition researcher at Tufts University near Boston.

波士顿附近塔夫茨大学(tufts university)营养研究员、合著者张方芳(fang fang zhang)说，饮食结构仍然过于偏重可能导致心脏病、糖尿病、肥胖和其他普遍存在的美国健康问题的食物。

The study was published Tuesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The results are from an analysis of US government health surveys from 1999 to 2016 involving nearly 44,000 adults.

这项研究发表在周二的《美国医学会杂志》上。这一结果来自1999年至2016年美国政府对近4.4万名成年人进行的健康调查分析。

“Despite observed improvements,” the authors wrote, “important dietary challenges” remain.

“尽管观察到了改善，”作者写道，“重要的饮食挑战”仍然存在。

Among them: Getting Americans to cut down on snack foods, hot dogs, fatty beef, butter and other foods containing saturated fats. The study found these unhealthy fats increased from 11.5 percent to almost 12 percent of daily calories, above the recommended 10 percent limit.

其中包括：让美国人减少零食、热狗、高脂肪牛肉、黄油和其他含有饱和脂肪的食物。研究发现，这些不健康的脂肪从每日卡路里的11.5%增加到近12%，超过了推荐的10%的上限。

And while the biggest change was a small drop in added sugars, from about 16 percent to roughly 14 percent, that’s still too high. The government says less than 10 percent of daily calories should come from added sugars. Researchers think fewer sweetened sodas contributed to the decline, but Zhang noted added sugars are often found in foods that don’t even seem sweet, including some yogurts and tomato sauce.

虽然最大的变化是添加糖的比例从16%小幅下降到14%，但仍然过高。政府说，每天应该有不到10%的热量来自添加糖。研究人员认为，含糖汽水的减少是导致这一趋势的原因之一，但张指出，添加糖通常存在于一些看起来并不甜的食物中，包括一些酸奶和番茄酱。

Fruits, nuts, oatmeal and other whole grains are among the types of foods adults ate slightly more of. Still, each of those contributed to less than 5 percent of daily calories in 2016, the study found.

水果、坚果、燕麦片和其他全谷类食物是成年人吃得稍微多一些的食物。不过，研究发现，这些食物在2016年的每日卡路里贡献率都不到5%。

Salt intake dipped slightly and a small decline in fruit juice contributed to a drop in low-quality carbs. But these still amount to 42 percent of daily calories, including many likely from highly processed white bread and other refined grains, Zhang said.

盐的摄入量略有下降，果汁的少量减少导致了低质量碳水化合物的减少。但这些热量仍占每日热量的42%，其中许多可能来自高度加工的白面包和其他精制谷物。

The study is based on in-person health surveys conducted every two years that ask adults to recall what foods they ate in the previous 24 hours. Starting in 2003, adults were asked that question twice several days apart.

这项研究是基于每两年进行一次的亲身健康调查，要求成年人回忆他们在过去24小时里吃了什么食物。从2003年开始，成年人每隔几天被问两次这个问题。

The study lists food groups rather than individual foods; for example “whole grains,” not oatmeal and “refined grains,” not white bread but Zhang said those two foods are among the most common grains in the US diet.

这项研究列出了食物类别，而不是单独的食物;例如“全谷物”，而不是燕麦片和“精制谷物”，不是白面包，但张教授表示，这两种食物是美国饮食中最常见的谷物。

US dietary guidelines recommend a “healthy eating pattern” to reduce chances of developing chronic disease. The focus should be on nutrient-dense foods including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy products; plus varied proteins sources including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs nuts and seeds, the recommendations say.

美国的饮食指南推荐一种“健康的饮食模式”来减少患慢性病的几率。重点应放在营养丰富的食物，包括蔬菜、水果、全谷物、低脂乳制品;此外，建议还应补充多种蛋白质来源，包括海鲜、瘦肉和家禽、蛋类、坚果和种子。

During the study years, US diabetes rates almost doubled, to more than 7 percent; obesity rates increased during many of those years, with about 70 percent of US adults now overweight or obese. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death.

在这项研究中，美国的糖尿病发病率几乎翻了一番，达到7%以上;在这些年中，肥胖率不断上升，约70%的美国成年人现在超重或肥胖。心脏病仍然是导致死亡的主要原因。