不要对你的狗狗大呼小叫

对于受创伤的小狗来说，即使是食物也没有那么有趣。

A heartbreaking new study finds that screaming at dogs scares them for the long-term — and patience is a far superior method for training them, Science Alert reports.

据《科学警报》报道，一项令人心碎的新研究发现，长期对着狗尖叫会吓到它们，而耐心是训练它们的一种更好的方法。

Researchers — led by biologist Ana Catarina Vieira de Castro of the Universidade do Porto in Portugal — recruited 42 dogs from schools that used reward-based training, and 50 dogs from aversion training schools.

由葡萄牙波尔图大学生物学家安娜·卡塔琳娜·维埃拉·德卡斯特罗领导的研究人员,从采用奖励训练的学校招募了42只狗，从厌恶训练学校招募了50只狗。

During the study period, pups taught with yelling and leash-jerking were found to be more stressed, with higher levels of cortisol found in their saliva.

在研究期间，用叫喊和拉绳训练的幼犬被发现压力更大，唾液中的皮质醇含量更高。

“Our results show that companion dogs trained using aversive-based methods experienced poorer welfare as compared to companion dogs trained using reward-based methods, at both the short- and the long-term level,” the researchers write in the paper published by biology news service bioRxiv.

研究人员发现:“具体来说，使用平均法上学的狗在训练中表现出更多与压力相关的行为和身体姿势，在训练后皮质醇水平升高，在认知偏差任务中更‘悲观’。”

“Specifically, dogs attending schools using aversive-based methods displayed more stress-related behaviors and body postures during training, higher elevations in cortisol levels after training, and were more ‘pessimistic’ in a cognitive bias task,” researchers found.

研究人员发现：“具体来说，使用厌恶性方法上学的狗在训练过程中表现出更多与压力相关的行为和身体姿势，训练后皮质醇水平升高，在认知偏见任务中表现出更‘悲观’。”。

Pups that experienced calm, gentle teachers, however, performed better at tasks researchers assigned to them, such as locating a bowl with sausage in it — in a roomful of empty-but-sausage-smeared bowls.

然而，那些经历过平静、温和的老师的幼犬,在研究人员分配给它们的任务上表现得更好，比如在一个空荡荡的、但沾满香肠的碗里找到一个盛着香肠的碗。

More harshly trained canines were slower to locate the treat bowl, which authors interpreted to show that their experiences had made them more depressed, less hopeful hounds.

训练得越严格的狗狗找到食物碗的速度就越慢，作者解释说，这表明它们的经历让它们变得更沮丧，更没有希望。

The biologists also analyzed dogs during training to look for “stress behaviors” such as lip-licking, paw-raising, yawning and yelping.

生物学家还分析了狗在训练过程中的“压力行为”，如舔嘴唇、抬起爪子、打哈欠和尖叫。

“Critically, our study points to the fact that the welfare of companion dogs trained with aversive-based methods appears to be at risk,” the researchers conclude.

研究人员总结道：“关键的是，我们的研究指出，用厌恶性方法训练的狗狗，其健康和成长不容乐观。”。