令人心碎的研究表明：为什么你真的不应该对你的狗大叫

令人心碎的研究表明：为什么你真的不应该对你的狗大叫

Your dog may be the apple of your eye, but let's be honest: she is an animal, with her own instincts and idiosyncrasies, and there are going to be times when she makes you want to tear your hair out.

你的狗可能是你的掌上明珠，但老实说：她只是一种动物，有自己的本能和癖好，总有那么几次她会让你想把头发扯下来。。

However much you want to, however, new research suggests that you should never yell at or otherwise punish a mischievous mutt.

然而，最新研究表明，无论你多么想这样做，你都不应该对一只淘气的杂种狗大吼大叫或以其他方式惩罚它。

According to a study uploaded at the end of last year to pre-print server bioRxiv, aversive training such as positive punishment and negative reinforcement can have long-term negative effects on your dog's mental state.

根据去年年底上传到pre-print server bioRxiv上的一项研究，正面惩罚和负面强化等厌恶性训练会对狗的精神状态产生长期的负面影响。

"Our results show that companion dogs trained using aversive-based methods experienced poorer welfare as compared to companion dogs trained using reward-based methods, at both the short- and the long-term level," the researchers write in their paper.

研究人员在他们的论文中写道:“我们的研究结果表明，无论是从短期还是长期来看，使用平均法训练的伴侣狗的福利都不如使用奖励法训练的伴侣狗。”

"Specifically, dogs attending schools using aversive-based methods displayed more stress-related behaviours and body postures during training, higher elevations in cortisol levels after training, and were more 'pessimistic' in a cognitive bias task."

“具体来说，使用厌恶性方法上学的狗在训练过程中表现出更多与压力相关的行为和身体姿势，训练后皮质醇水平升高，在认知偏见任务中表现出更为‘悲观’。”

This sort of research has been conducted before, and found that aversive training has negative effects, but it's primarily been on police and laboratory dogs. In addition, the aversive training tends to be shock collar training, which is only one of several tools used.

这类研究以前已经进行过，发现厌恶性训练有负面影响，但主要是针对警犬和实验犬。此外，厌恶训练往往是冲击领训练，这只是使用的几种工具之一。

So, led by biologist Ana Catarina Vieira de Castro of the Universidade do Porto in Portugal, the international team of researchers conducted their new study on companion dogs.

因此，在葡萄牙波尔图大学生物学家安娜·卡塔琳娜·维埃拉·德·卡斯特罗的带领下，国际研究小组对伴侣狗进行了新的研究。

The animals were recruited from a number of training schools in Porto - 42 dogs from three schools that use reward-based training like food treats or play, and 50 dogs from four schools that use aversive-based training, such as yelling, physically manipulating the dog, or leash-jerking.

这些动物是从波尔图的一些训练学校招募来的，其中42只狗来自三所学校，采用奖励性训练，如食物招待或玩耍;来自四所学校的50只狗，采用厌恶性训练，如叫喊、身体操纵或抽皮带。

Each dog was filmed during the first 15 minutes of three training sessions, and saliva samples were taken to assess stress levels from training - three from each dog relaxing at home to establish baseline levels of stress hormone cortisol, and three from each dog after training.

每只狗在三次训练的前15分钟被拍摄下来，唾液样本被用来评估训练中的压力水平——每只狗在家放松三次以建立压力激素皮质醇的基线水平，训练后每只狗三次。

The researchers also analysed the dogs' behaviour during training to look for stress behaviours, such as yawning, lip-licking, paw-raising and yelping.

研究人员还分析了狗在训练过程中的行为，以寻找压力行为，如打哈欠、舔嘴唇、抬举爪子和尖叫。

Unsurprisingly, the dogs in the aversive training classes showed elevated stress behaviours, particularly yawning and lip-licking. Their saliva also had significantly increased levels of cortisol compared to when they were relaxing at home.

不出所料，在厌恶训练班的狗表现出更高的压力行为，特别是打哈欠和舔嘴唇。他们的唾液中皮质醇的含量也比他们在家放松时显著增加。

By contrast, the positive reinforcement dogs were pretty chill - far fewer stress behaviours, and much more normal cortisol levels.

相比之下，正强化组的狗表现得相当冷淡——它们的压力行为少得多，皮质醇水平也正常得多。

"Critically," the researchers said, "our study points to the fact that the welfare of companion dogs trained with aversive-based methods appears to be at risk."

“关键的是，”研究人员说，“我们的研究指出，用厌恶性方法训练的伴侣狗的福利似乎处于危险之中。”