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气候变化促使全球海洋物种远离赤道

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2021年04月16日

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A University of Auckland-led research showed for the first time at a global scale and across all kinds of species that marine life has been changing its distribution away from the equator in direct response to climate change.

奥克兰大学领导的一项研究首次表明,在全球范围内,所有种类的海洋生物都在改变它们的分布,远离赤道,这是对气候变化的直接反应。

As predicted by climate warming, the number of species has decreased at the equator and increased in the sub-tropics since the 1950s.

正如气候变暖所预测的那样,自20世纪50年代以来,赤道物种数量减少,亚热带物种数量增加。

This was the case across all 48,661 species, and when they were split into those living on the seabed (benthic) and in open water (pelagic), fish, mollusks and crustaceans.

所有48661个物种都是如此,当它们被分为生活在海底(底栖)和开放水域(远洋)的鱼类、软体动物和甲壳类动物时。

[Photo/CFP]

The new study showed that pelagic species had shifted poleward in the northern hemisphere more than benthic. The lack of a similar shift in the southern hemisphere was because ocean warming has been greater in the northern than southern hemisphere.

这项新研究表明,在北半球,远洋物种向极地迁移的时间多于底栖物种。南半球之所以没有出现类似的变化,是因为北半球的海洋变暖程度大于南半球。

Previously, the tropics were considered stable and an ideal temperature for life because so many species occur there. Now, people realize that the tropics are not so stable and are increasingly too hot for many species.

以前,热带地区被认为是稳定的,是适合生命生存的理想温度,因为那里有很多物种。现在,人们意识到热带地区不是那么稳定,而且对许多物种来说越来越热。

The study was the culmination of lead author Chhaya Chaudhary's PhD at the University of Auckland and was built on a range of studies in a research group that studied the data on particular taxonomic groups in detail, including crustaceans, fish and worms.

该研究是第一作者Chhaya Chaudhary在奥克兰大学的博士学位的成果,建立在一个研究小组的一系列研究之上,该研究小组详细研究了特定分类群的数据,包括甲壳类动物、鱼类和蠕虫。

The data were obtained from the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS), a freely accessible online world database whose establishment was led by the university's Professor Mark Costello as part of the Census of Marine Life, a global marine discovery program from 2000 to 2010. The records of when and where species were reported were summed into latitudinal bands and a statistical model was used to account for variation in sampling.

这些数据来自海洋生物多样性信息系统(OBIS),这是一个免费获取的在线世界数据库,由该大学的马克·科斯特洛教授领导建立,是2000年至2010年全球海洋发现项目“海洋生物普查”的一部分。报告物种的时间和地点的记录被归纳为纬度带,并使用一种统计模型来解释取样的变化。

Last year, Professor Costello co-authored a study showing that while marine biodiversity peaked at the equator during the last ice age, 20,000 years ago, it had already flattened before industrial global warming. That study used fossil records of marine plankton buried in deep sea sediments to track the change in diversity over thousands of years.

去年,科斯特洛教授与人合著的一项研究表明,尽管海洋生物多样性在2万年前的上一个冰河时期达到了顶峰,但在工业全球变暖之前,它就已经变平了。该研究利用埋藏在深海沉积物中的海洋浮游生物化石记录,来追踪数千年来海洋浮游生物多样性的变化。

This latest study on a decadal timescale shows this flattening has continued in the past century, and the number of species now dips at the equator. The study, and others in progress, show that the number of marine species declines once the annual mean sea temperature is above 20 to 25 degrees Celsius (varying with different kinds of species).

这项以10年为尺度的最新研究表明,这一平缓趋势在过去的一个世纪里一直在继续,赤道地区的物种数量现在正在下降。这项研究以及其他正在进行的研究表明,一旦年平均海水温度超过20至25摄氏度,海洋物种的数量就会下降(因物种的不同而不同)。

As one of the Lead Authors on the current 6th Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Professor Costello said the findings are significant.

作为国际气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第六次评估报告的主要作者之一,科斯特洛教授表示,这些发现意义重大。

"Our work shows that human-caused climate change has already affected marine biodiversity at a global scale across all kinds of species. Climate change is with us now, and its pace is accelerating.

“我们的工作表明,人类造成的气候变化已经在全球范围内影响了各种物种的海洋生物多样性。气候变化现在就在我们身边,而且速度还在加快。

"We can predict the general shift in species diversity, but because of the complexity of ecological interactions, it is unclear how species' abundance and fisheries will change with climate change."

“我们可以预测物种多样性的总体变化,但由于生态相互作用的复杂性,目前还不清楚物种的丰富度和渔业将如何随着气候变化而变化。”


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